L1D69

(1.3)
L1T0 (21%): sense (0%), representations (0%), modern (0%)

L1T99 (19%): history (4%)

L1T132 (7%): historical (10%), contemporary (5%)

L1T101 (6%): theory (11%), his (8%), path_dependence (7%)
titleabstract

ISY, SETI AND THE NEW SEARCH FOR EL-DORADO (1992) 🗎🗎

International Space Year has offered a golden opportunity for those with a vested interest in space exploration to shore up its image by linking it with the great totem of Western capitalism, Christopher Columbus' voyage to the New World. But space itself has taught us that the hope of escaping from our home planet is an illusion. The realistic and urgent alternative is to face up to the fragility - and the potential - of the Earth itself.

VIRGIN BIRTHS AND STERILE DEBATES - ANTHROPOLOGY AND THE NEW REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES (1992) 🗎🗎

This article explores some of the social, political, and anthropological issues raised by the new reproductive technologies, focusing on the controversies surrounding Britain's 1984 Warnock report and the Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill of 1990. The way in which these issues were debated and resolved in the press and in Parliament sheds some light on what are evidently conflicting and contested constructs of kinship, family, and personhood in contemporary Britain. These issues must also be interpreted from other perspectives, however, particularly examining the political and gender dimensions of discourses about reproduction. Comparison of current debates over fertility control with older anthropological controversies concerning native beliefs about conception suggests that in each case such beliefs have various levels of social significance: the task of anthropological inquiry is to explore their deeper structural and ideological implications. The assumption that the new reproductive technologies are controversial simply because they threaten established ideals of the family and motherhood is found wanting: instead, what is at issue is the vested interest that all societies have in the symbolic control of fertility and reproduction.

CORPORATE TOWERS AND SYMBOLIC CAPITAL (1992) 🗎🗎

The meaning of the corporate office tower is explored within the framework of the production of symbolic capital. The method involves an interpretation of leasing advertisements -the field of discourse which envelops the decision to lease. The advertising is argued to be market sensitive and therefore to reflect the prevailing values of corporate culture. The aim is to unpack the myths and meanings that are used to generate symbolic capital through built form. The semantic themes outlined include distinction, authenticity, power, contextualism, and timelessness. The meanings of the location, the foyer, the view, and the interior settings are also discussed. Analysis of this field of discourse reveals these towers to be the popular architecture of a patriarchal corporate culture. It also reveals a number of contradictions underlying their production, such as 'dominant contextualism', 'timeless fashion' and 'dynamic conservatism'. The towers are argued to be manifestations of the process Harvey calls creative destruction. a form of place destruction in which architectural practice is deeply implicated.

REGRESSION AS A CARDINAL FACTOR IN ORGANIZATIONAL DESTABILIZATION (1993) 🗎🗎

Leaders and organizations are particularly vulnerable to destabilization during periods of transition, severe frustration, or crisis. The author discusses four theoretical constructs that explain organizational destabilization based on regression. Stabilizing strategies are also presented.

ANALYTICAL MARXISM AND HISTORICAL MATERIALISM - THE DEBATE ON SOCIAL EVOLUTION (1993) 🗎🗎

Darwinian evolutionary theory marries a genetic account of the origin of species to a selectionist account of their subsequent fate. The Marxian theory of history is analogous: class struggle provides an account of the origins of new regimes of production and selection pressures explain their subsequent history. The theory is technologically determinist, but there are three distinct doctrines ascribing primacy in different ways to the technological forces of production over the social relations of production. Natural Primacy is probably true but of limited relevance to the debate about historical process. Intentional Primacy, as advocated by G. A. Cohen, is untenable. Competitive Primacy is a genuinely evolutionary doctrine that may even be true.

BEYOND HARMONY AND CONSENSUS - A SOCIAL-CONFLICT APPROACH TO TECHNOLOGY (1993) 🗎🗎

This article presents a sociological perspective that suggests that technology should be seen as a means for groups to retain or rearrange social relations. Claiming, first, that the sociotechnical systems approach in technology-and-society studies often tend to bring out harmony and cooperation as an ideal and, second, that central social constructivists tend to interpret closure and stabilization processes in terms of consensus, this article, instead, argues that technology should be regarded as the outcome of conflicting interests and ideas To make the perspective plausible, a number of analytic concepts are put forth and illustrated, some case studies are reinterpreted in conflict language, and a few tentative research hypotheses are formulated.

ISSUE OF FAIRNESS IN STRATIFICATION STUDIES - DESTABILIZATION OF THE STATUS-QUO (1994) 🗎🗎

This paper tries to demonstrate a relevance of the issue of fairness to stratification studies, especially its bearings on the maintenance of the status quo. It is argued that sociological studies of fairness evaluation should aim at illustrating the ''fair society'' ideal common to most members of the society, in order to delineate the direction to which our society is, or should be, heading. To achieve this final goal, the process of fairness evaluation should be more closely looked at: how the stratification system is perceived and what is the fairness standard applied to judge it. The way that these perception and standard are shared should affect survival chance of the status quo. The relation between feeling of unfairness about a specific aspect of social life (''new'' social inequalities) and the formation of an ideology for change is also discussed.

THE SYSTEMS THINKER AS REVOLUTIONARY (1995) 🗎🗎

The epoch of concern in this paper extends from about 1975 to about 2005: the phases of recession and depression of Kondratiev Cycle/Structure Number Four and the beginning of the phase of recovery of a possible fifth Kondratiev. During the past decade or so a number of meetings of international societies and a number of special issues of scientific and engineering journals have had themes like 'science in the service of mankind' and 'engineering for peace'. Close examination of these themes suggests a high level of confirmation of the political, economic, and military status quo, and even the scientific and engineering status quo, coupled with a low level of novelty. This paper critically examines the traditional relationship between science and engineering on the one hand and policymaking and decision-making on the other. Systems theories like dissipative-structure theory, chaos theory, and the author's field and Kondratiev theories now provide a better understanding of the evolution, instability, and structural change of human societies and of natural environments than was the case in the recent past. These theories suggest a present window of opportunity that may not recur for a long time, if ever, for the implementation of bold, even radical and revolutionary ideas. History indicates a high level of incompetence during 'normal', stable times that contrasts with the emergence of highly capable leaders during times of crisis like the French Revolution and the US Civil War. There is a good match between these facts and the theory of the action of fluctuations in unstable systems far from equilibrium. In the past great political and politico-economic movements were shaped by the philosophical thinking of people like Voltaire and Hegel that preceded them. Now the questions must be forcefully addressed: can and should systems thinking best discharge its responsibilities through passive support and reconfirmation of a paradigm that provides major evidence for exhaustion? Or can and should systems thinking be directed actively and aggressively toward the implementation of a new paradigm? The author argues for the latter course. The Schumpeterian concept of creative destruction is extended. Means of accomplishing the newly defined goal are clarified.

As they see US: The Americanization of a Japanese multinational in the USA (1996) 🗎🗎

Examines the culturally-conditioned localization process of a Japanese multinational in the United States. Analyses the case of a dialogical relationship between Americanism and Japanism as perceived and executed by organizational subgroups that paralleled the functional degradation process of a Japanese-English technical translation task. While different organizational sub-groups used different cultural markers such as ''insider/outsider'', ''woman'', and ''Asian'' as ''legitimate'' categories of people in the firm, their contending rhetoric against the others became remarkably similar in purpose and binary opposition. Advocates more sensitivity to multiple processes of intra- and inter-subjective dialogues and schema creation, and to the ingenuity of social agents who attempt to push for their vested interest versus those of the others in the global, capitalistic, post-colonial world order. Multiple interpretations of Asian businesses in the United States are part of this new ''structuation'' process.

Strategy as revolution (1996) 🗎🗎

How often does the strategic-planning process start with senior executives asking what the rest of the organization can teach them about the future? Not often enough, argues Gary Hamel. In many companies, strategy malting is an elitist procedure and ''strategy'' consists of nothing more than following the industry's rules. But more and more companies, intent on overturning the industrial order, are rewriting those rules. What can industry incumbents do? Either surrender the future to revolutionary challengers or revolutionize the way their companies create strategy. What is needed is not a tweak to the traditional strategic-planning process, Hamel says, but a new philosophical foundation: strategy is revolution. Hamel offers ten principles to help a company think about the challenge of creating truly revolutionary strategies. Perhaps the most fundamental principle is that so-called strategic planning doesn't produce true strategic innovation. The traditional planning process is little more than a rote procedure in which deeply held assumptions and industry conventions are reinforced rather than challenged. Such a process harnesses only a tiny proportion of an organization's creative potential. If there is to be any hope of industry revolution, senior managers must give up their monopoly on the creation of strategy. They must embrace a truly democratic process that can give voice to the revolutionaries that exist in every company. If senior managers are unwilling to do this, employees must become strategy activists. The opportunities for industry revolution are mostly unexplored. One thing is certain: if you don't let the revolutionaries challenge you from within, they will eventually challenge you from without - in the marketplace.

A hundred thousand lines of flight: A machinic introduction to the nomad thought and scrumpled geography of Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari (1996) 🗎🗎

What is space? What is spacing? And how does spacing itself hold together? The author pursues these questions, which continue to haunt and transfix geographers, by drawing upon the collaborative work of two exemplary thinkers: Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari. What emerges from such an encounter is a fundamental shift in the way space, place, and spacing are configured; a shift which will have enormous implications for anyone concerned with unfolding the relationship between society and space. Particular emphasis is placed on the radicalization of relations, of the spacing of relations, and of relational space. Such a radicalization effectively deconstructs the field of geography as we know it, and demands that we reconfigure both the world and our theoretical-practices 'from the middle'. This yields a world of continuous variation, becoming, and chance, rather than one of constancy, being, and predictability; and it is populated solely by haecceities, singularities, and events, strung together through joints, intervals, and folds. Accordingly, a fractal world of infinite disadjustment, destabilization, and disjointure is what is meant by the term 'scrumpled geography', and it constitutes the horizon on which one should situate deconstruction, postmodernism, and poststructuralism more generally. Unfolding the joints, intervals, and folds of such a world is precisely the task undertaken by Deleuze and Guattari. However, the author reworks their own undertaking by giving it a much more explicitly spatial inflexion and consistency. Thus, the paper not only clarifies the scrumpled geography embedded within the work of Deleuze and Guattari, it also demonstrates the revolutionary implications of a rigorously deconstructive and poststructuralist consideration of space, place, and spacing.

The relationship between connectionist models and a dynamic data-oriented theory of concept formation (1996) 🗎🗎

In this paper I shall compare two models of concept formation, both inspired by basic convictions of philosophical empiricism. The first, the connectionist model, will be exemplified by Kohonen maps, and the second will be my own dynamic theory of concept formation. Both can be understood in probabilistic terms, both use a notion of convergence or stabilization in modelling how concepts are built up. Both admit destabilization of concepts and conceptual change. Both do not use a notion of representation in some pre-given language, such as a language of thought or some logical language. Representation in a formal language only plays a role on the meta-level, namely within the theory about concept formation.

Interfusions: Consumption, identity and the practices and power relations of everyday life (1996) 🗎🗎

Consumption involves knowledge acquisition and act-ual usage-not simply shopping and purchasing-and therefore is intricately bound up with the practices, power relations, and discourses of everyday life. Widely accepted observations about the fluidity and multiple dimensions of identity do not adequately link situated practices with the repeated (re)constitution and destabilization of identity elements. Moreover, it is not only through the use of purchased goods to produce individual and collective difference that consumption and identity are connected. Circumstances in contemporary commodity societies demand that critical human geographical studies of consumption and identity unconventionally couple ethnography and political economy, that the practices of 'safe' geography and 'safe' representation be forsaken.

Outline of an applied ethics for sustainable development - Commentary (1996) 🗎🗎

Our age has been described as the civilization of means without ends. Thinkers as different as Weber, Foucault and Habermas have pointed out that instrumental rationality has increasingly dominated value rationality (Wertrationalitat) for more than two centuries. In the paper it is argued that this development has undermined our ability to skillfully pose, answer and act upon simple ethical questions like: ''Where are we going? Who's gaining, who's losing? Is it desirable? What should be done? More than two thousand years ago Aristotle was keenly aware that the inability to pose and answer questions like these could seriously impair the social and physical existence of individuals, communities, and societies alike. Yet, toward the end of the Twentieth Century it seems that we have more of a need and less of a capacity to act value rationally than in earlier periods of human history. Through a current interpretation of the Aristotelian concepts episteme, techne and phronesis, first described in the Nicomachean Ethics, the modem concept of rationality is reformulated and enlarged and a method for value rational analysis called ''progressive phronesis'' outlined. The work of Michel Foucault is read as a paradigmatic case of progressive phronesis. The reading of Foucault is supplemented by readings of Robert Bellah, Clifford Geertz, Richard Rorty, Hubert Dreyfus and others in order to extract common methodological features of progressive phronesis. Finally the paper suggests a specific role for ethical analysis in environmental policy and in what the United Nations' World Commission on Environment and Development has called ''sustainable development''.

Brain waves and bridges: Comments on Hardcastle's ''Discovering the moment of consciousness?'' (1996) 🗎🗎

In this comment, a picture of ERP research is sketched that is slightly different from Hardcastle's account, in that it emphasises the functional characterisation of ERP components rather than the neurophysiological connections. It is suggested that selection pressure of ERP work on cognitive and neurophysiological theories and vice versa is a more apt metaphor for intertheoretical relations in this field than explanatory extension. Secondly, it is argued that the temporal characteristics of ERP components do not support Hardcastle's claim that they may be used to fix timing in phenomenal consciousness. Although I agree that ERP components, cautiously interpreted, can contribute to the identification of substages of information processing, rather than refuting Dennett and Kinsbourne, her ERP data seem compatible with a multiple drafts model.

Wishful thinking and harmful tinkering? Sociological reflections on family policy (1997) 🗎🗎

In popular and political debate there is currently a theme which dominates discussion about the family and this is the theme of decline and destabilisation caused by the rise of individualism and lack of moral fibre. There is a wishful thinking intrinsic to these debates in which it is hoped that the family can be returned to an idealised state, unaffected by other social changes, Recent sociological work on the family interprets changes to family life rather differently and therefore offers an important counterdiscourse, Although there are certain limitations to the new theoretical work on the family provided by Giddens and Beck, it is argued here that their work provides a broad understanding of change which is not reducible to individual motivations and moral decline, These perspectives are particularly important at a time when family law is engineering policies to change the very nature of post-divorce family life, Because these changes are based on a narrow understanding of change, it is suggested that they amount to harmful tinkerings which misconstrue the wider context within which families are being transformed.

The dynamic implications of increasing returns: Technological change and path dependent inefficiency (1997) 🗎🗎

This paper addresses the issue of path-dependent selection and inefficiency, counterfactual methods and the empirical evidence employed in this research trajectory. The general message is basically that the theoretical argument to prove path-dependent inefficiency is relatively straightforward, while empirical demonstrations, as well as the analysis of welfare implications are much more difficult. In the first section, we briefly state the basic argument explaining how localized learning leads to an incomplete exploration of the variety distribution of a technology. We then synthesize the most interesting historical studies, which get potential regret results, and ask whether these results suggest a large welfare loss. To try to answer this question, we start from the critical arguments of Liebowitz and Margolis to discuss the theoretical and empirical difficulties of establishing path-dependent inefficiency. (C) 1997 Elsevier Science B.V.

Measuring giants and dwarfs: Assessing the quality of economists (1997) 🗎🗎

The emergence of ideas in economic science is dominated by scientists situated in the US. The brain drain to the US after de Second World War gave economic scientists who stayed behind a chance to obtain a monopoly position in determining the development of economics in their home country. These facts are illustrated by a citations study of economic science in the Netherlands. Especially one man, the Nobel laureate Jan Tinbergen, has left an indelible mark on the way Dutch economic science has developed. The development of Dutch economics shows strong path-dependence.

History versus science: The evolutionary solution (1997) 🗎🗎

History matters because time and place matter and because of path-dependence. Hence only idiographic and not nomothetic statements are possible according to some historical sociologists. Others accuse the former of having abandoned science. It is not sufficiently appreciated that in understanding the role of both history and necessity, evolutionary theory has solved this problem. Moreover, methods available for inferring what is uniquely related to what, having come via the same path, and for testing hypotheses controlling for the possibly confounding effects of common histories should be of interest to sociologists on both sides of the history versus science divide.

The evolution of Georgescu-Roegen's bioeconomics (1998) 🗎🗎

Georgescu-Roegen's work is usually divided into two categories, his earlier work on consumer and production theory and his later concern with entropy and bioeconomics beginning with his 1966 introductory essay to his collected theoretical papers published in the volume Analytical Economics. Most economists usually praise his earlier work on pure theory and ignore his later work which is highly critical of neoclassical economics. Those economists sympathetic to his later work usually take the position that he "saw the light" and gave up neoclassical theory some time in the 1960s to turn his attention to the issues of resource scarcity and social institutions. It is argued here that there is an unbroken path running from Georgescu's work in pure theory in the 1930s, 1930s, and 1950s, through his writings on peasant economies in the 1960s, lending to his preoccupation with entropy and bioeconomics in the last 25 years of his life. That common thread is his preoccupation with "valuation." The choices our species makes about resource use and the distribution of economic output depends upon our valuation framework. Georgescu-Roegen's work begins in the 1930s with a critical examination of the difficulties with the hedonistic valuation framework of neoclassical economics, moves in the 1960s to the conflict between social and hedonistic valuation, and culminates in the 1970s and 1980s with his examination of the conflict between individual, social, and environmental values. This paper traces the evolution of Georgescu-Roegen's thought about valuation and the environmental and social policy recommendations which arise out of his bioeconomic framework.

Integrative thinking: The essence of good medical education and practice (1998) 🗎🗎

Integrative medicine implies the ability to extract bits of information from seemingly disparate disciplines, and synthesize them into something that is meaningful. Contemporary medical research is more apt to be driven by purely commercial incentives that not only do not favor integrative efforts, but deliberately suppress them when vested interests are threatened. Good health depends entirely on good communication whenever homeostasis is threatened. This requires a continual and instantaneous exchange of information between the constituency of the internal environment that can only be comprehended by an integrative approach. Various examples are given to illustrate these and other relevant issues.

Generalizations in ecology: A philosophical taxonomy (1998) 🗎🗎

There has been a significant amount of uncertainty and controversy over the prospects for general knowledge in ecology. Environmental decision makers have begun to despair of ecology's capacity to provide anything more than case by case guidance for the shaping of environmental policy. Ecologists themselves have become suspicious of the pursuit of the kind of genuine nomothetic knowledge that appears to be the hallmark of other scientific domains. Finally, philosophers of biology have contributed to this retreat from generality by suggesting that there really are no laws in biology. This paper addresses these issues by providing a framework for thinking about general knowledge claims in ecology. It introduces a philosophical taxonomy that classifies generalizations into three broad categories - phenomenological, causal and theoretical. It then turns to the difficult problem of laws, arguing that, while there are probably no laws as that term has been understood in philosophy of science, it doesn't follow that everything in ecology is equally contingent. A mechanism for recognizing degrees of contingency in ecological generalizations is developed. The paper concludes by examining the implications of the analysis for the controversies noted at the outset.

Culicidae mosquitoes as emerging vectors of diseases (1998) 🗎🗎

A review is presented of the relationships between the so-called emerging infectious diseases and what may be defined as emerging vectors. These include not only those that have recently appear-ed but also those that present remarkable behavioral changes. Specific factors leading to that emergence can be associated with the powerful human influence on the environment. So the man-made i.e. anthropic environment, exercises a selective pressure inducing vector populations to adapt to new circumstances. These may arise from ecological, environmental, or demographic factors that increase contact with the new vector With this in mind, data on anomalous Culicidae breeding places in the Americas are reported. An interpretation of these findings is offered in the light of epidemiological surveillance The question is whether vector emergence or re-emergence may constitute art epidemiological problem. Thus it is suggested that plane for all inclusive surveillance be prepared.

Psychoses as psychosomatoses (1998) 🗎🗎

Psychotic behavior is typically interpreted as the consequence of somato-psychic decompensations of the CNS, a concept within which the vulnerability-stress-concept plays a central mediating role. The contrary conceptualization, namely to envisage psychoses from the point of view of psychosomatics, appears fruitful, if the question is raised, as to which psychic "challenges" lead to an internal destabilization of equilibrium states between counteracting neuronal systems. In this context it can be shown that "neuro-constructivism" represents a crucial model of understanding of the interaction between internal "censorship", reality-hypotheses and sensory data. Psychotic behavior is interpreted as a decompensation of mechanisms of censorship.

History versus equilibrium: Nicholas Kaldor on historical time and economic theory (1998) 🗎🗎

Nicholas Kaldor's biographers portray his intellectual development as a linear progression, away from conventional equilibrium methodology and towards an emphasis on history as the organising concept for economic analysis. This paper contends, however, that the methodology advocated in Kaldor's later work is explicit in one of his earliest papers, 'A Classificatory Note on the Determinateness of Equilibrium', published in 1934. Indeed, Kaldor's conception of the nature of path dependency in the 1930s is more sophisticated than that found in his later work. Emphasis is placed on the lessons for current research into path dependency that can be learned from the study of Kaldor's intellectual development.

Making use of the past: Time periods as cases to compare and as sequences of problem solving (1998) 🗎🗎

This article examines methodological issues that arise when using information from one historical period to illuminate another. It begins by showing how the strengths and weaknesses of methods commonly used to compare institutions or regions reappear in comparisons between times. The discussion then turns to alternative approaches. The use of narrative and of path dependency to construct explanatory sequences are strategies that strike a welcome balance between causal generalization and historical detail. But these approaches typically fail to identify either the causal mechanisms or the trajectories that link events in different eras. These gaps can be filled by rethinking sequences of events across periods as reiterated problem solving. Successive U.S. industrial relations regimes since 1900 are used to illustrate this methodological strategy.

Guildsmen, entrepreneurs and market segments: The case of the garment trades in Antwerp and Ghent (sixteenth to eighteenth centuries) (1998) 🗎🗎

The present essay links the social, institutional and cultural approaches of guilds and guildsmen with their daily economic practice. Using as the point of departure a case study of the Antwerp and Ghent garment trades during the sixteenth to eighteenth centuries, a preliminary model is presented, stressing the interrelatedness between divergent strategies, behavioural practices and specific market segments. It is argued that the choice of artisans for a certain market segment implied path dependency and, hence, influenced their investment patterns, their labour relations, their attitude towards the guild, and their personal representation in daily life.

Ecological reasoning: Ethical alternatives (1998) 🗎🗎

This paper presents some ideas of Russian philosophers and scientists of the 19th-20th centuries, concerned with ethical, economic and ecological problems. Their common feature is the anti-utilitarian, altruistic and often even utopian approach to reality. Nevertheless, they relate to the ongoing discussion of the causes of and remedies for the global environmental crisis. Their arguments often directly address the most vital issues of present-day economic mechanisms and environmental policies. In his 'Anti-Benthamian Anti-Utopia' Vladimir Odoevsky presented a model of progress in a society obsessed by utilitarian principles and expressed deep mistrust in economic mechanisms based on self-interest and competition. The conception of 'Religious Ecology' of Nikolai Fedorov postulated that rationality should transgress the boundaries of the social world, thus rendering Nature less hostile towards mankind, and establish harmonious interaction of humanity with non-human creatures, Cosmos and God. The hypothesis of a famous Russian scientist Vladimir Vernadsky suggested the possibility of evolutionary transformation of human-beings into autotrophic organisms capable of synthesizing nutritional substances from non-organic chemical elements, which would imply immense social consequences. The conception of Daniil Andreev combined transphysical and metahistorical perspectives and stressed the capacity of spirituality to change the physical structure of space and time and, thus, to influence the human future. The confrontation of realistic-utilitarian and utopian-non-utilitarian modes of reasoning about ecological issues is questioned and a re-examination of this problem is called for. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science B.V.

Cosmic piety and ecological rationality (1999) 🗎🗎

This article explores the growth of new forms of worship as embodied in the ecological veneration of the cosmos. It shows how cosmic piety is becoming an essential component of modern culture in the current context of globalization, which frequently incorporates some crucial forms of rationality. Very often, the sacralization of nature appears to be a necessary precondition for the practice of ecological rationality given certain cognitive limitations and everyday anxieties of large populations in the contemporary world. The rise and fall of an ecocentric or cosmocentric mythology are considered, together with its consequences for societal adaptation to global environmental change.

Toward consilience between biology and economics: the contribution of Ecological Economics (1999) 🗎🗎

During its ten year history Ecological Economics has made a real difference in the way economists look at the natural world and in the way biologists look at the economy. In this survey article we examine the contributions to the Journal in terms of E.O. Wilson's concept of 'consilience', that is, his argument that the methods and assumptions of any field of study should be consistent with the known and accepted facts in other disciplines. In particular, we examine the contributions of ecological economics to reconciling the economic theory of the consumer and producer with biophysical reality. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Keeping kosher: Eating and social identity among the Jews of Denmark (1999) 🗎🗎

Anthropologists have frequently noted the importance of foodways in demarcating ethnic and other group identities. The destabilization of such identities in late modernity implies deep changes in the meaning of ethnic cuisines. This essay explores the impact of such changes on the meaning of kosher practice among Jews in Copenhagen. A close engagement with Danish culture has made Jewishness increasingly difficult to define since the Second World War; Jewish ethnicity has become a contingent aspect of self-identity rather than a feature of a cohesive social group. Dietary practice provides a common symbolic system through which the increasingly heterogeneous notions of Jewish identity in Denmark can be expressed and interrelated.

Reduction, elimination, and levels: the case of the LTP-learning link (1999) 🗎🗎

We argue in this paper that so-called new wave reductionism fails to capture the nature of the interlevel relations between psychology and neuroscience. Bickle (1995, Psychoneural reduction of the genuinely cognitive: some accomplished facts, Philosophical Psychology, 8, 265-285; 1998, Psychoneural reduction: the new wave, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press) has claimed that a (bottom-up) reduction of the psychological concepts of learning and memory to the concepts of neuroscience has in fact already been accomplished. An investigation of current research on the phenomenon of long-term potentiation reveals that this claim overstates the facts. Both the psychological and the neural concepts involved have not yet stabilized and face further correction under the influence of both bottom-up and top-down selection pressures. In addition, psychological concepts often refer to functions, and functions are indispensable and irreducible. Function ascriptions pick out objective patterns involving historical factors and distal goals. This view of functions implies that psychological facts cannot be simply read off from the neurophysiological facts. Although psychological theorizing is constrained by neurophysiology land vice versa), psychology remains distinct at least to some degree.

An evolutionary biological-postmodern dialogue about sex and gender - A discussion (as imagined conversation) of articles by D. Kriegman (1999) and D. Schwartz (1999) (1999) 🗎🗎

This article uses an imaginary, 3-way dialogue in which D. Kriegman and D. Schwartz respond to each other's views of sex and gender identity as representatives of their respective Darwinian and postmodern (Queer Theory) theoretical positions. Both positions radically challenge conventional psychoanalytic models of the role of early developmental experience, Yet their perspectives clash sharply over which kinds of sex and gender expression are most violated by existing analytic theory, as well in terms of their views of the power of reproductive functions to influence the experience of sex and gender. A broader evolutionary model is presented in which human sex and gender identity are seen as shaped by multiple, contradictory, evolutionary selection pressures. This alternative evolutionary model stresses the negotiation of identity within the family and the vital adaptive functions of gender multiplicity.

Path dependence, competition, and succession in the dynamics of scientific revolution (1999) 🗎🗎

What is the relative importance of structural versus contextual forces in the birth and death of scientific theories? We describe a formal dynamic model of the birth, evolution, and death of scientific paradigms based on Kuhn's Structure of Scientific Revolutions. The model represents scientific activity as a changing set of coupled institutions; a simulated ecology of interacting paradigms in which the creation of new theories is stochastic and endogenous. The model captures the sociological dynamics of paradigms as they compete against one another for members, solve puzzles, and recognize anomalies. We use sensitivity tests and regression to examine the role of intrinsic versus contextual factors in determining paradigm success. We find that situational factors attending the birth of a paradigm largely determine its probability of rising to dominance, while the intrinsic explanatory power of a paradigm is only weakly related to the likelihood of success. For those paradigms surviving the emergence phase, greater explanatory power is significantly related to longevity. However, the relationship between a para digm's "strength" and the duration of normal science is also contingent on the competitive environment during the emergence phase. Analysis of the model shows the dynamics of competition and succession among paradigms to be conditioned by many positive feedback loops. These self-reinforcing processes amplify intrinsically unobservable microlevel perturbations in the environment-the local conditions of science, society, and self faced by the creators of a new theory-until they reach macroscopic significance. Such path dependent dynamics are the hallmark of self-organizing evolutionary systems. We consider the implications of these results for the rise and fall of new ideas in contexts outside the natural sciences such as management fads.

A formalization of postmodern theory (2000) 🗎🗎

Postmodern theory is examined from the perspective of explanatory scientific theory. Although this kind of effort would be rejected by postmodernists as imposing a failed epistemology, this article nonetheless translates the arguments of prominent postmodern theorists into a series of propositions. By developing these propositions, it is possible to see how they might generate testable hypotheses that can guide the empirical assessment of the substantive arguments of sociological postmodernists. The propositions are organized under four basic headings: (1) the increasing importance of culture; (2) the destabilization and dereification of culture; (3) the increasing importance of the individual; and (4) the viability of the subject. While there is inevitably a certain amount of selectivity involved in this exercise, our hope is that the core arguments of postmodern theory are arrayed in a manner that can facilitate their empirical assessment by researchers.

Rational deliberation versus behavioural adaptation - Theoretical perspectives and experimental evidence - Commentary discussion (2000) 🗎🗎

Whereas Brian Skyrms in his chapter views rationality and evolution as alternative ways to derive decision behaviour, indirect evolution allows us to combine the two approaches. By focussing on Skyrms' examples it will be illustrated how optimal decisions for given rules of interaction can influence the future rules of interaction. Here evolution does not determine behaviour directly, but only indirectly via the rules. We, furthermore, report on an experiment, related to Skyrms' examples, revealing effects of deliberation in the sense of forward-looking considerations and of path dependence in the sense of adapting to past success.

Antibiotics, invention and innovation (2000) 🗎🗎

The antibiotic revolution (the "domestication" of microorganisms) ranks in importance in human history with the domestication of wild animals. Its story is full of lessons for discovery, invention and innovation, not least because its two main components, penicillin and streptomycin, were found and developed in completely different ways, by quite different kinds of people. Because it all took place within a single generation, and is well documented, these lessons are very accessible. Amongst the topics on which they throw light are funding and protection of new ideas (as well as resistance to them), path dependence and research as an evolutionary process. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Complex landscapes of spatial interaction (2001) 🗎🗎

How complex is the spatial economy? Some apostles of complexity argue that complex behaviour can arise in any system consisting of a largish number of intelligent, adaptive agents interacting on the basis of local information only. This paper examines several features of such dynamic systems, including path-dependence, emergence and self-organization. It goes on to explore their importance for the spatial sciences, Because space scales can change abruptly from local to global, strongly-interactive spatial economies sometimes exhibit astonishing collective properties, emergent features which are lawful in their own right. Segregation, self-similarity and the rank-size rule are familiar examples. To understand how collective order arises from seemingly random fluctuations, we must note how agents choose to interact with other agents and with their environment. We must synthesize rather than analyse. In the paper, self-organization is explored in a variety of contexts, including Schelling's model of neighborhood segregation and some work with cellular automata that has sharpened our insights into the collective synthesis of agents' interactions. Power laws are widely observed. A new way of doing social science - agent-based simulation - offers powerful new insights. It seems likely to revolutionize our field, along with the whole of the social sciences. Some of the current research underway in this area is discussed.

Complexity in archaic states (2001) 🗎🗎

The concept of complexity, associated particularly with ancient cities, states, and civilizations and their immediate antecedents, denotes qualities of hierarchical differentiation and the intricacy and interdependency of their parts and relationships. Alike in the human and natural worlds, complexity has repeatedly emerged as an overarching characterization through irregular, discontinuous processes of accumulation. These led by degrees and at intervals to relatively abrupt, qualitative changes. Under various constraints, contemporary archaeological research methods and objectives have not been accompanied by an adequate recognition of the centrality of increasing complexity as a social evolutionary tendency. Here it is argued that a focused, highly interdisciplinary study of complex adaptive systems is meanwhile coming to the fore that deserves careful archaeological scrutiny. A growing convergence of interests is suggested by shared issues like historical path-dependency, the interactions of differently situated and motivated human agents, differential returns to scale, and the range of possible, computer-generated outcomes of unpredictable combinations of orderly, random and stochastic processes and events. (C) 2001 Academic Press.

Sustainable development: Lessons from the paradox of enrichment (2001) 🗎🗎

With the current struggle to "sustainably" exploit our biosphere, the "paradox of enrichment" remains an issue that is just as relevant today as it was when it was first formalized by Rosenzweig in 1971. This paradox is relevant because it predicts that attempts to sustain a population by making its food supply more abundant (e.g., by nutrient enrichment) may actually have the reverse (paradoxical) effect of destabilizing the network. Originally, this paradox was based upon studies of "reasonable," but quite simple, predator-prey models. Here, we attempt a more "realistic" revision of the paradox that explicitly accounts for the embedded nature of the human system in a complexly interwoven set of hierarchical (spatial, temporal, and organizational) relations with the rest of the ecosphere-a relationship whose exploitative nature continues to grow in intensity and extent. This revision is attempted with the aid of a combined thermodynamic and network approach. The result is that a scale-dependent asymmetry in the action of the second law of thermodynamics is shown-an asymmetry that results in the creation of two antagonistic propensities: local order and local disorder. The point of balance between these two propensities is empirically measurable and represents a balance between processes and constraints internal (growth and development) and external (interactive and perturbing influences) to a system-a balance that may be called the most "adaptive" state (after Conrad 1983). The use of such an index of this balance is demonstrated and it is used to clarify the relevance of the paradox to more complexly organized systems. As a consequence, we conclude that the concept of "sustainable exploitation and growth" is an oxymoron.

Science fiction or future fact? Exploring imaginative geographies of the new millennium (2001) 🗎🗎

In this article, we examine the imaginative geographies of the new millennium through a critical reading of cyberfiction. This fiction, we argue, through its use of estrangement and defamiliarization, and its destabilization of the foundational assumptions of modernism, provides a cognitive space in which to contemplate future spatialities given the present postmodern condition - a cognitive space which is already providing an imaginal sphere in which present-day individual and institutional thought and practice are partially shaped. Using a detailed reading of 34 novels and four collections of short stories, we illustrate the utility of this cognitive space, and its appropriation, through an exploration of fictional visions of postmodern urbanism in the early twenty-first century. We assess the viability and utility of these visions by comparing them to academic analyses of the sociospatial processes shaping present-day urban form and spatiality.

Organizational theory and the stages of risk communication (2001) 🗎🗎

The evolution of risk communication has been described as a series of communication strategies. This article suggests that organizational theory provides another dimension to understanding the evolution of risk communication, and that risk communication can be seen as an organizational adaptation of chemical manufacturers to external pressure. Following the tragedy in Bhopal the chemical manufacturing sector's loss of legitimacy led to destabilization of its authority and to increased uncertainty in its external environment. Risk communication was one means to increase legitimacy, thereby decreasing uncertainty and potential impact on resources. However, although risk communication may evolve from crises of legitimacy, the concept of "isomorphism"-conformance to norms within a corporate sector-predicts this need not be the case.

Reimagining the differentiation and integration of work for sustained product innovation (2001) 🗎🗎

This study describes the image of organizing that underlies a complex organization's ability to incorporate streams of innovation with continuing operations. I argue that a mechanistic organization archetype prevents people from seeing in their minds' eyes-from imagining-how to do the work of innovation organizationwide, but that theorists have failed to articulate an alternative to this archetype in its own terms. The study focuses on two elements of organizing: the differentiation and the integration of work. I build grounded theory for an alternate, innovative archetype of organizing by exploring the shared image of work differentiation and integration in twelve firms that vary in innovative ability. I find a fundamentally different image in innovative organizations that is centered on hands-on practice: People understand value creation as a long-term working relationship with customers, in which they apply the firm's skills to anticipate and solve customer problems. This practice is differentiated into distinct problems in value creation, each of which embodies the integral flow of work like a lateral slice, but which situates those problems in their own contexts. People understand themselves to be organized in an autonomous community of practice that takes charge of one of the problems. The communities of practice are integrated by standards for action: vivid, simple representations of value that frame work and that are reenacted in practice. The analysis details this different image of organizing by describing four autonomous communities of practice and contrasting them with the image of organizing found in noninnovative firms. The paper illustrates how this new image straightforwardly organizes and controls innovative work, and how the noninnovative image of differentiation and integration makes this work unimaginable. I conclude that innovation can be incorporated with continuing operations, provided that managers and theorists reimagine the differentiation and integration of work. I offer preliminary ideas for doing so, and suggest some next steps in this research stream.

The liberation of humanity and nature (2002) 🗎🗎

What does the 'liberation' of nature mean? In this essay, I use a pragmatic methodology to (1) reject the idea that we need a metaphysical understanding of the nature of nature before we can speak of nature's liberation, and (2) explain the sense of liberation as being the continuation of human non-interference in natural processes. Two real life policy cases are cited as examples: beach restoration on Fire Island and rock climbing in designated wilderness areas.

New modernities: Reimagining science, technology and development (2002) 🗎🗎

'Development' operates as an allegedly value-neutral concept in the policy world. This essay describes four mechanisms that have helped to strip development of its subjective and meaning-laden elements: persistent misreading of technology as simply material and inanimate; uncritical acceptance of models, including economic ones, as adequate representations of complex systems; failure to recognize routine practices as repositories of power; and erasing history and time as relevant factors in producing scenarios for the future. Failure to take these elements into account has led to inequality, injustice and unintended consequences in many development projects. Interpretive analysis of development tools and concepts is a much-needed corrective.

Putting Napster to use: between a community and a body of customers - the construction and regulation of a sociotechnical group (2002) 🗎🗎

Napster, a horizontal setup for exchanging music files, is exemplary of an open sociotechnical system and subject to contradictory interpretations. Two major explanations about how innovation works therein are examined. The first presents Napster as a self-regulated community with a new type of social regulation based on gift-giving whereas the second analyzes it as a means of consumption, where opportunistic calculations and behaviors prevail and which is heralding in structures for an on-line music market. Empirical observations of the origins and uses of this system reveal that these interpretations mask the technical dimension and overestimate the user's ability to make rational calculations and moral judgments. Regulating this sociotechnical group depends more on " technical solidarity ", wherein users' moral actions and calculations cope with the more or less restrictive but fragmented levels in the technical system. (C) 2002 Editions scientifiques et medicales Elsevier SAS. All rights reserved.

Path dependence, agency and technological evolution (2002) 🗎🗎

The notion of path dependence is regularly deployed to account for the way past commitments have an important bearing on current choices. We make a distinction between the notions of past and path dependence and focus on path dependence as two types of event sequences: self-reinforcing and reactive. We then address the issue of how the notion of path dependence can be reconciled with a temporal-relational perspectize on agency. These notions are tested and refined using a longitudinal case study of ICI's move away from chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and the decision to build three plants to produce one CFC alternative (HFC-134a) for the global refrigeration market. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of path dependence for research on technological and firm evolution.

E-topia as cosmopolis or citadel - On the democratizing and de-democratizing logics of the internet, or, toward a critique of the new technological fetishism (2002) 🗎🗎

We present a critical appraisal of the impact of the Internet (and related information technologies) upon processes of democratization and de-democratization in contemporary society. We review accounts of 'the information revolution' as these have become polarized into mutually exclusive rhetorics of future cosmopolitan or citadellian e-topias. We question the Manichean assumptions common to both rhetorics: particularly the fetishism of information technology as an intrinsically democratizing or de-democratizing force on societies. In opposition to this new technological fetishism we focus upon (1) Internet historicity (2) the human/machine nexus: (3) Internet policing and appropriation - presenting a different story of the Net, emphasizing contingent, indeterminate and negotiable characteristics of sociotechnical systems. preparing for a more radical critique of existing theories of 'global technological citizenship'. Refiguring 'culture' Lis technopoiesis, we argue that an alternative approach to global civil society minimally presupposes a cultural sociology of the Internet: approaching information technologies as the product of specific sociocultural practices and as historical sites of ethico-political transformation and reflexive self-figuration.

The development, change, and transformation of rhetorical style in magazine advertisements 1954-1999 (2002) 🗎🗎

Rhetorical advertising style consists of the method or manner by which ad content is expressed; an example is the use of rhetorical figures such as metaphor or rhyme. Two studies of rhetorical style in U.S. magazine advertisements from 1954 to 1999 are reported. A qualitative content assessment suggests that rhetorical figures were prevalent throughout the period. In addition, the content assessment suggests more layering of multiple figures and less explanation of figures over time. The content analysis supports these trends and clarifies that one kind of figure-a destabilization trope that includes pun, metaphor, and irony-increased in incidence. Several possible explanations for these observed trends are considered, with a focus on how changes in rhetorical style may reflect the mutual adaptation of consumer and advertiser to changes in the advertising environment over this time period.

The demon-seed - Bioinvasion as the unsettling of environmental cosmopolitanism (2002) 🗎🗎

Spearheaded by Beck and the 'world risk society' thesis, contemporary commentators ill search of evidence of political renewal 'from below' have discerned a convergence of environmental and cosmopolitan sensibilities. But through its foregrounding of the destabilization of matter by new technologies, this 'environmental cosmopolitanism' tends to reenact the conventional binary of passive nature and dynamic culture. It is suggested that this expresses a metropolitan detachment from the everyday experience of working with flows of matter and life. Drawing on the pivotal role of bioinvasion in the European colonization of the temperate periphery, an alternative perspective on ecological globalization is presented which takes account of the 'weedy opportunism' and inherent mobility of biological life. In this way, 'globalization from below' takes on the meaning of an opening of culture to the 'unsettling' influence of biological and geological histories that manifest themselves at global scales.

Tipping point leadership (2003) 🗎🗎

When William Bratton was appointed police commissioner of New York City in 1994, turf wars over jurisdiction and funding were rife and crime was out of control. Yet in less than two years, and without an increase in his budget, Bratton turned New York into the safest large city in the nation. And the NYPD was only the latest of five law-enforcement agencies Bratton had turned around. In each case, he succeeded in record time despite limited resources, a demotivated staff, opposition from powerful vested interests, and an organization wedded to the status quo. Bratton's turnarounds demonstrate what the authors call tipping point leadership. The theory of tipping points hinges on the insight that in any organization, fundamental changes can occur quickly when the beliefs and energies of a critical mass of people create an epidemic movement toward an idea. Bratton begins by overcoming the cognitive hurdles that block organizations from recognizing the need for change. He does this by putting managers face-to-face with operational problems. Next, he manages around limitations on funds, staff, or equipment by concentrating resources on the areas that are most in need of change and that have the biggest payoffs. He meanwhile solves the motivation problem by singling out key influencers-people with disproportionate power due to their connections or persuasive abilities. Finally, he closes off resistance from powerful opponents. Not every CEO has the personality to be a Bill Bratton, but his successes are due to much more than his personality. He relies on a remarkably consistent method that any manager looking to turn around an organization can use to overcome the forces of inertia and reach the tipping point.

Our past as prologue: introduction to the tenth anniversary issue of the Review of International Political Economy (2003) 🗎🗎

This editorial introduction to the tenth anniversary issue of the Review of International Political Economy places both the birth of RIPE the journal and the critiques that it has spawned of the so-called 'Washington consensus' in a longer historical context. We map the emergence of two distinct 'Washington Consensi' - one based around GATT/Bretton Woods/Welfare States/and Kenynesian ideas and one based around the WTO/Open Capital Accounts/Hard Currencies and New-Classical Ideas. We argue that RIPE appeared at the moment when this second of these consensi appeared most hegemonic. RIPE's distinct voice over the last decade reflects this through its critiques of the second Washington consensus and in its pluralistic and critical mode of inquiry. We place the essays that follow into this wider discussion of broad trends in the IPE.

Evolution and development of boys' social behavior (2003) 🗎🗎

An evolutionary analysis of the dynamics of one-on-one and coalitional male-male competition provides a theoretical frame for conceptualizing the evolved functions and proximate developmental forms of the social behavior of boys, and for appreciating why the behavior of boys differs from that of girls. We propose the accompanying selection pressures favored the evolution of motivational and behavioral dispositions in boys and men that facilitate the development and maintenance of large, competitive coalitions and result in the formation of within-coalition dominance hierarchies. Empirical research on boys' social development is reviewed using this frame and implications for interpreting boys' social behavior are explored. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

The contract as social artifact (2003) 🗎🗎

This article outlines a distinctive, albeit not entirely unprecedented, research agenda for the sociolegal study of contracts. In the past, law and society scholars have tended to examine contracts either through the intellectual history of contract doctrine "on the books" or through the empirical study of how real-world exchange relations are governed "in action." Although both of these traditions have contributed greatly to our understanding of contract law, neither has devoted much attention to the most distinctive concrete product of contractual transactions-contract documents themselves. Without denying the value of studying either contract doctrine or relational governance, this article argues that contract documents are independently interesting social artifacts and that they should be studied as such. As social artifacts, contracts possess both technical and symbolic properties, and the sociolegal study of contract-as-artifact can profitably apply prevailing social scientific theories of technology and symbolism to understand both: (1) the microdynamics of why and how transacting parties craft individual contract devices, and (2) the macrodynamics of why and how larger social systems generate and sustain distinctive contract regimes. Seen in this light, the microdynamics of contract implicate "technical" theories of transaction cost engineering and private lawmaking, and "symbolic" theories of ceremony and gesture. In a parallel fashion, the macrodynamics of contract implicate "technical" theories of innovation diffusion, path dependence, and technology cycles, and "symbolic" theories of ideology, legitimacy, and communication. Together, these micro and macro explorations suggest that contract artifacts may best be understood as scripts and signals-collections of symbols designed to yield technically efficacious practical action when interpreted by culture-bearing social actors within the context of preexisting vocabularies and conventions.

The social as trans-genic - On bio-power and its implications for the social (2003) 🗎🗎

This article has a triple aim: (1) it explores how the stunning advance of modern bioscience is affecting the social world, and how once-set boundaries are now being quickly transgressed; (2) it is suggested that the theoretical divides between modernists and post-modernists can be fruitfully viewed, from a sociology of knowledge perspective, as traces of a much more profound and ongoing evolutionary discourse now also affecting the social and the human sciences; (3) concerns are expressed regarding the destabilization of both the natural and the social world alike as a consequence of bioscience: the long-term social effects of the emphasis on individual choice, as presently argued, will eventually erode the system of collective responsibility altogether.

The history of linguistic anthropology as a device for a new integrated perspective (2004) 🗎🗎

The history of the emergence of linguistic anthropology helps us not only to reflect on the path-dependency of our own scientific categories, but also to enlarge our own perspective beyond these categories. The following paper tries to develop on the basis of Latour's network theory a new integrated perspective that reflects our own historical position in the network of constructing scientific facts, in the context of political problems, of social claims of objects that we are using in order to constitute our scientific field.

The 'system' of automobility (2004) 🗎🗎

This article is concerned with how to conceptualize and theorize the nature of the 'car system' that is a particularly key, if surprisingly neglected, element in 'globalization'. The article deploys the notion of systems as self-reproducing or autopoietic. This notion is used to understand the origins of the 20th-century car system and especially how its awesome pattern of path dependency was established and exerted a particularly powerful and self-expanding pattern of domination across the globe. The article further considers whether and how the 20th-century car system may be transcended. It elaborates a number of small changes that are now occurring in various test sites, factories, ITC sites, cities and societies. The article briefly considers whether these small changes may in their contingent ordering end this current car system. The article assesses whether such a new system could emerge well before the end of this century, whether in other words some small changes now may produce the very large effect of a new post-car system that would have great implications for urban life, for mobility and for limiting projected climate change.

Divergence, sensitivity, and nonequilibrium in ecosystems (2004) 🗎🗎

Contemporary theoretical debate in ecology and biogeography is often focused on equilibrium vs. nonequilibrium behavior in ecosystems and on the nature and source of ecosystem dynamics. It is suggested that these debates be recast in terms of the way ecosystems develop and respond to disturbances, rather than in terms of concepts Often imported from mathematics, physics, and other fields. Using nonlinear dynamical systems theory, it is shown that key theoretical implications can be cast in terms of geoecologically significant phenomenologies such as divergent evolution, sensitivity to initial conditions and small disturbances, historical contingency, and path dependence. Examples show these phenomena are widely observed in ecosystems. Ecological and biogeographical theory can be problematized from within geography and ecology rather than fuzzy, abstract concepts such as equilibrium, self-organization, "balance of nature," or chaos. Complexity, sensitivity, variability, nonsteady states, and other concepts Often associated with nonequilibrium or complexity-theory-frame-works have manifestations that are evident in observable ecological phenomena, in addition to theory and models.

Adaptations for nothing in particular (2004) 🗎🗎

An element of the contemporary dispute amongst evolution minded psychologists and social scientists hinges on the conception of mind as being adapted as opposed to adaptive. This dispute is not trivial. The possibility that human minds are both adapted and adaptive courtesy of selection pressures that were social in nature is of particular interest to a putative evolutionary social psychology. I suggest that the notion of an evolved psychological adaptation in social psychology can be retained only if it is accepted that this adaptation is for social interaction and has no rigidly fixed function and cannot be described in terms of algorithmic decision rules or fixed inferential procedures. What is held to be the reason for encephalisation in the Homo lineage and some of best atested ideas in social psychology offers license for such an approach.

Comparative-historical methodology (2004) 🗎🗎

The last decade featured the emergence of a significant and growing literature concerning comparative-historical methods. This literature offers methodological tools for causal and descriptive inference that go beyond the techniques currently available in mainstream statistical analysis. In terms of causal inference, new procedures exist for testing hypotheses about necessary and sufficient causes, and these procedures address the skepticism that mainstream methodologists may hold about necessary and sufficient causation. Likewise, new techniques are available for analyzing hypotheses that refer to complex temporal processes, including path-dependent sequences. In the area of descriptive inference, the comparative-historical literature offers important tools for concept analysis and for achieving measurement validity. Given these contributions, comparative-historical methods merit a central place within the general field of social science methodology.

A model of path-dependence in decisions over multiple propositions (2004) 🗎🗎

Imodel sequential decisions over multiple interconnected propositions and investigate path-dependence in such decisions. The propositions and their interconnections are represented in propositional logic. A sequential decision process is path-dependent if its outcome depends on the order in which the propositions are considered. Assuming that earlier decisions constrain later ones, I prove three main results: First, certain rationality violations by the decision-making agent-individual or group-are necessary and sufficient for path-dependence. Second, under some conditions, path-dependence is unavoidable in decisions made by groups. Third, path-dependence makes decisions vulnerable to strategic agenda setting and strategic voting. I also discuss escape routes from path-dependence. My results are relevant to discussions on collective consistency and reason-based decision-making, focusing not only on outcomes, but also on underlying reasons, beliefs, and constraints.

The treatment of history in organisation studies: Towards an 'Historic turn'? (2004) 🗎🗎

There is an increasing call for an historical perspective in organisation studies. In this essay we want to assess the major research programmes in organisation studies in relation to the 'historic turn' that has transformed the way other branches of the social sciences and humanities 'go about their business'.(1) The historic turn is part of a wider transformation that is alluded to in terms such as the 'discursive turn', deconstruction and post-modernism. Within history itself this transformation is associated with hermeneutics, the 'linguistic turn', and the revival of narrative.(2). However, we feel that the term 'historic turn' may prove useful in marshalling support for calls for more history, and a different approach to history, within organisation studies, rather than subsuming it under labels that do not emphasise the historical aspect. An historic turn would represent a transformation of organisation studies in at least three senses. First, it would represent a turn against the view that organisation studies should constitute a branch of the science of society. This would parallel the 'linguistic turn' in history, where 'the question "how is history like and unlike fiction?" has replaced "how is history like and unlike science?" as the guiding question of metahistorical reflection'. The linguistic turn in history is an instance of the general displacement of 'the Scientific Attitude' by 'the Rhetorical Attitude'.(3) Second, as in other fields, an historic turn would involve 'a contentious and by no means well-defined turn towards history - as past, process, context, and so on',(4) but not necessarily towards the most adjacent branch of history, which in the case of organisation studies would be business history. Finally, an historic turn would entail a turn to historiographical debates and historical theories of interpretation that recognise the inherent ambiguity of the term 'history' itself, which refers to both 'the totality of past human actions, and... the narrative or account we construct of them'.(5) This would necessitate greater reflection on the place of historical narrative in organisation studies. An argument can be made that organisation studies has already become more historical. The new institutional economics of Coasian heritage, as opposed to the old institutionalism of Veblen and Commons, has had considerable influence on the rise of organisational economics, which is certainly more historical than orthodox neoclassical economics. The resource-based view of the firm derived from Penrose and evolutionary economics, with its emphasis on path dependence, represents a further departure from neoclassical orthodoxy and takes even more account of history. The sociological versions of new institutionalism and organisational ecology that have developed within organisation studies both take more account of an historical dimension than structural contingency theory which previously dominated organisational sociology. Finally, the rise of the organisational culture and symbolism discourse facilitated more attention to process and promised to make organisation studies more historical. However, we want to question whether, even as organisation studies has become more historical, the treatment of history could be said to correspond to an historic turn. It is from this sceptical standpoint that we intend to review the treatment of history in the major discourses of organisational economics, organisational sociology and organisational culture. We have discussed elsewhere the implications for business history of entering into a dialogue with organisation theory,(6) but we should note here that business historians are increasingly prepared to engage with related fields, especially strategy and organisation studies.(7) This engagement is part of an effort by business historians to refute the familiar criticism of being 'inveterate empiricists',(8) and to realise the potential of their work 'to inform contemporary managerial decision-making, influence public opinion, and enhance scientific knowledge of firms'.(9) Our review should serve as a warning for business historians to be wary of the apparent accommodation of history in organisation studies. Given the ever-expanding literature in the discourses of organisation studies, we have chosen to focus on foundational statements and major collections rather than lapse into a running commentary on the latest minor revisions purporting to represent paradigm shifts. Rather than attempt a definition of organisation in order to delimit it as a field of study, we find it convenient to view organisation studies and related areas of strategy as a cluster of research programmes held together by the discourse of specific communities of theorists with overlapping interests. Our review necessarily reflects our own backgrounds in organisational sociology, our longstanding concern with inter-disciplinary debate within organisation studies, especially between economics and sociology, as well as our own experience of archival research and continuing efforts to produce theoretically informed historical accounts of organisations.(1)0

Against the social construction of nature and wilderness (2004) 🗎🗎

The application of constructivism to "nature" and "wilderness" is intellectually and politically objectionable. Despite a proclivity for examining the social underpinnings of representations, constructivists do not deconstruct their own rhetoric and assumptions; nor do they consider what socio-historical conditions support their perspective. Constructivists employ skewed metaphors to describe knowledge production about nature as though the loaded language use of constructivism is straightforward and neutral. They also implicitly rely on a humanist perspective about knowledge creation that privileges the cognitive sovereignty of human subject over nature. Politically, the constructivist approach fails to take the scientific documentation of the biodiversity crisis seriously; it diverts attention toward discourses about the environmental predicament, rather than examining that predicament itself; and it indirectly cashes in on, and thus supports, human colonization of the Earth.

Path dependency in contemporary economics (2004) 🗎🗎

The article gives an account of a recent attempt to rebuild economics along the lines of increasing returns. The current orthodoxy is criticised for overemphasizing the role of decreasing returns. For the sake of analytical rigor economists sacrifice a correct picture of the modern world, say the critics. Small events are magnified by the positive feedback. The system is thus set on a path and cannot shake off its history. Path dependent processes are illustrated by the persistence of the QWERTY keyboard. As the world is stuck with this inferior standard, government action is needed to adopt a better alternative. However, the second part of the article offers a successful refutation of the QWERTY story. This particular example of path dependency evolved into an ambitious interdisciplinary project whose aim is to introduce new, visionary approaches into the scientific thinking. The prospects of chaos theory in economics are therefore briefly outlined.

Linguistic diversity, global paradigms and taken-for-grantedness (2004) 🗎🗎

In the first part of this paper taken-for-granted hypotheses in linguistic diversity are presented. In the second part the two constellations of globalized ideologies are described constituting paradigms that these hypotheses illustrate: competition and solidarity. In the third part, a condensed version of emerging globalized concerns is given. Sociolinguistics and anthropological linguistics are disciplines that increasingly theorize and analyze within the solidarity paradigm. It is suggested that a systematic uprooting of competition as taken-for-granted grounding of scientific research should allow for the development of theorization and successful applications of solidarity ideologies. In short, in this paper, our multifaceted taken-for-grantedness is challenged in many ways: (1) competition is ideological and many social movements are unmasking it by articulating solidarity as a basis for ideologies, (2) difference is not necessarily divisive but it is so in pervasive competition, (3) proponents of the Nation-State as, a model of social organization have vested interests in competition, (4) competition has not favored the articulation of common human grounds but globalization helps to raise concerns and articulate commonness/solidarity in difference.

A crisis of industrial rationality and changes in instructions: A case study (2005) 🗎🗎

Studies of industrial rationality should be reconsidered given the thoroughgoing changes under way. We have switched from a Thylorist rationality based on Scientific Management, which Claimed to fit production into a single viewpoint, to a dissemination of the sources of the directions to be followed and an overall destabilization of any attempt at rationalization, and as a consequence, to a looser sense of rationality even among engineers. But this does not at all benefit wage-earners. Often without bearings, they have to cope with instructions; but have a harder time doing so whenever their organization provides them with few tools for coping and whenever the instructions, or part of them, are contradictory. (c) 2005 Publie par Elsevier SAS.

Zoos and eyes: Contesting captivity and seeking successor practices (2005) 🗎🗎

This paper compares the phenomenological structure of zoological exhibition to the pattern prevalent in pornography. It examines several disanalogies between the two, finds them lacking or irrelevant, and concludes that the proposed analogy is strong enough to serve as a critical lens through which to view the institution of zoos. The central idea uncovered in this process of interpretation is paradoxical: Zoos are pornographic in that they make the nature of their subjects disappear precisely by overexposing them. The paper asserts that the keep are thus degraded or marginalized through the marketing and consumption of their very visibility and criticizes the pretense of preservation. Furthermore, the paper subjects the related framework of captivity to Foucauldian analysis and critique - we see that the "zoopticon" deserves designation as an island of power in the carceral archipelago of hegemonic social institutions mapped by Foucault. Hence, this paper suggests that the zoo as we know it be phased out in favor of richer and less oppressive modes of encountering other forms of life; toward this end, the paper explores and assesses alternative approaches to, and practices of, nonhuman animal spectatorship and cross-species conviviality.

Rational choice, structural context, and increasing returns - A strategy for analytic narrative in historical sociology (2005) 🗎🗎

This article considers one way to construct "analytic" narratives in historical sociology. The author grounds his approach in ongoing methodological debates over temporality and sequence in historical processes and the assumed trade-off between historical particularity and causal generality He promotes narratives that exploit both the sequential/ eventful and contextual properties of analytic time, with an approach that combines and builds on two emerging developments in narrative methodology: the use of rational choice theory and the idea of "increasing returns" in path-dependent historical processes. While doing narrative in this way will not be appropriate for analyzing all historical processes, it can be a useful methodological strategy for many of the questions, events, and outcomes that interest historical sociologists. The author draws oil his own research program on early equal employment law in the mid- to late 1960s to illustrate how this method can work in practice.

Natural because it had become just that.' Path dependence in pre-electoral pacts and government formation: A New Zealand case study (2005) 🗎🗎

Formal models of government formation frequently find their predictions confounded in the real world and/or fail to explain empirical observations, leading to calls for new approaches. The formation of New Zealand's 1999 minority coalition government-one which ran counter to the predictions of all conventional coalition theories-illustrates the potential contribution of path dependence to those approaches, particularly when we are trying to explain why pre-electoral pacts are relatively good predictors of government composition.

Constructing knowledge: the case of leisure management in the UK (2005) 🗎🗎

Models of curricula development in higher education pay scant attention to the role of selfinterested actors in the construction of knowledge. Rather, it is assumed that curricula develop on the basis of fission within disciplines, fusion between fields, the exertion of pressure by the state or other stakeholders, or the development of knowledge in relation to professional practice. This article argues that the ongoing debate about the nature and appropriateness of leisure management curricula masks the reality of the field as the product of actors whose vested interests and ideological imperatives have shaped the field in its various manifestations. Through analysis of qualitative data gathered at 14 higher education institutions, the article identifies a series of problematic conceptions and approaches which characterise the field of leisure management. It is argued that the nature of the field is best explained with reference to the social antecedents of contributing academics in the traditional middle classes and petite bourgeoisie. The field reflects a series of social and cultural constructions which, through the processes of academic production, have become reified and legitimated.

Review essay - Family firms amidst the creative destruction of capitalism (2005) 🗎🗎

In terms of anthropology's past interests, the study of family firms seems a "natural" way into the ethnography of contemporary capitalism. True, but as Sylvia Yanagisako's rich and sensitive study demonstrates, this is so by productively frustrating central ideas in anthropology like "culture" and "kinship" without resolution in alternative concepts.

The roots of sustainability (2005) 🗎🗎

Management literature today abounds with stories about the business case for sustainability. Yet, the author suggests, much of business's efforts in the name of sustainable development at best only temporarily slow society's continuing drift toward unsustainability. indeed, he argues, that the term "sustainable development" has become an oxymoron. The problem really stems from management's failure to see unsustainability as a deep-seated systems failure and to appreciate the extent to which radical thinking and action are required to embark upon a sustainable trajectory. Over time, the business community has gotten in the habit of ignoring the source of the problem, and now it risks gradually losing the ability to think deeply about it in order to produce the right kind of solutions. Drawing on systems dynamics, philosophy, psychology and social theory, this article seeks to answer a critical question: Can anything be done to radically transform the way that businesses work?

Food and behavior: A Burkean motive analysis of a quasi-medical text (2006) 🗎🗎

Kenneth Burke sought to understand the motives writers establish in the textual scenes they create with a 'grammar of motives', which positions an action in one of five motives: the act, the agent, the scene, the purpose, and the agency (means). As discourse analysts shift focus from texts to human action in and through texts, Burke's 'grammar of motives' returns as a useful tool for the study of the discursive construction of human action. People who experience reactions due to food allergies commonly attribute them to the ingestion of specific foods. The validity of this attribution is denied, however, on a Web site concerning health and medical information. A motive analysis of this quasi-medical text shows that it is located in a negative means-act ratio, which denies that food (means) can cause human behavior (act)-the scientific view of causation. A comparative motive analysis of the claim that allergies do affect one's behavior is constructed within a positive means-agent ratio. That is, food (means) can affect a person's ability to act (agent). This analysis reveals deeper vested interests of the drug company which sponsors the Web site and of the personal experience and community of the allergy sufferer.

Scientific rationality, uncertainty and the governance of human genetics: an interview study with researchers at deCODE genetics (2006) 🗎🗎

Technology development in human genetics is fraught with uncertainty, controversy and unresolved moral issues, and industry scientists are sometimes accused of neglecting the implications of their work. The present study was carried out to elicit industry scientists' reflections on the relationship between commercial, scientific and ethical dimensions of present day genetics and the resources needed for robust governance of new technologies. Interviewing scientists of the company deCODE genetics in Iceland, we found that in spite of optimism, the informants revealed ambiguity and uncertainty concerning the use of human genetic technologies for the prevention of common diseases. They concurred that uncritical marketing of scientific success might cause exaggerated public expectations of health benefits from genetics, with the risk of backfiring and causing resistance to genetics in the population. On the other hand, the scientists did not address dilemmas arising from the commercial nature of their own employer. Although the scientists tended to describe public fear as irrational, they identified issues where scepticism might be well founded and explored examples where they, despite expert knowledge, held ambiguous or tentative personal views on the use of predictive genetic technologies. The rationality of science was not seen as sufficient to ensure beneficial governance of new technologies. The reflexivity and suspension of judgement demonstrated in the interviews exemplify productive features of moral deliberation in complex situations. Scientists should take part in dialogues concerning the governance of genetic technologies, acknowledge any vested interests, and use their expertise to highlight, not conceal the technical and moral complexity involved.

How to best ensure remuneration for creators in the market for music? Copyright and its alternatives (2006) 🗎🗎

The focus of this essay is to examine the market for copyrighted works with a particular emphasis on the sound recording market. This market is currently in a state of flux, some would say disarray, due to the ability of the Internet to lower transmission costs for both authorized and unauthorized copies, with the latter being, at this time, far more prevalent. In this essay we discuss the intent of copyright, the role of copying and file-sharing, and some alternative production/consumption schemes meant to strengthen or to replace copyright.

An evidence perspective on topical relevance types and its implications for exploratory and task-based retrieval (2006) 🗎🗎

Introduction. The concept of relevance lies at the heart of intellectual access and information retrieval, indeed of reasoning and communication in general; in turn, topical relevance lies at the heart of relevance. The common view of topical relevance is limited to topic matching, resulting in information retrieval systems' failure to detect more complex topical connections which are needed to respond to diversified user situations and tasks. Method. Based on the role a piece of information plays in the overall structure of an argument, we have identified four topical relevance types: Direct, Indirect (circumstantial), Context, and Comparison. In the process of creating a speech retrieval test collection, graduate history students made 27,000 topical relevance assessments between Holocaust survivor interview segments and real user topics, using the four relevance types, each on a scale of 0 - 4. They recorded justifications for their assessments and kept detailed Topic Notes. Analysis. We analysed these relevance assessments using a grounded theory approach to arrive at a finer classification of topical relevance types. Results. For example, indirect relevance(a piece of information is connected to the topic indirectly through inference, circumstantial evidence) was refined to Generic Indirect Relevance, Backward Inference (abduction), Forward Inference (deduction), and Inference from Cases (induction), with each subtype being further illustrated and explicated by examples. Conclusion. Each of these refined types of topical relevance plays a special role in reasoning, making a conclusive argument, or performing a task. Incorporating them into information retrieval systems allows users more flexibility and a better focus on their tasks. They can also be used in teaching reasoning skills.

From the zoning project to T. measures - The divergent conceptions of the territorial management of wolves in the Alpine Arc (2006) 🗎🗎

Concomitant with the arrival of wolves in France from Italy, a zoning project was launched. We examine the inherent logic of this project, the underlying stakes, and the positions of the different actors concerned. What conception of territorial occupation does this zoning project, in its different versions, correspond to? The different versions of the project are based on an eco-centric vision, founded on ecological notions (viability threshold, carrying capacity) including the selection of zones from which the wolf is excluded. Measure T, which has recently succeeded this, is based more on a socio-centric vision: far from simply putting the accent on existing territorial divisions, it tends to incorporate animal protection and management methods in a policy aimed at promoting greater responsibility among the stock breeding professions.

Entrepreneurship, innovation and industrial development: Geography and the creative field revisited (2006) 🗎🗎

Creative destruction is a central element of the competitive dynamic of capitalism. This phenomenon assumes concrete form in relation to specific geographical and historical conditions. One such set of conditions is investigated here under the rubric of the creative field, i.e. the locationally-differentiated web of production activities and associated social relationships that shapes patterns of entrepreneurship and innovation in the new economy. The creative field operates at many different levels of scale, but I argue that the urban and regional scale is of special interest and significance. Accordingly, I go on to describe how the creative field functions as a site of (a) entrepreneurial behavior and new firm formation, (b) technical and organizational change, and (c) the symbolic elaboration and re-elaboration of cultural products. All of these activities are deeply structured by relations of spatial-cum-organizational proximity and separation in the system of production. The creative field, however, is far from being a fully self-organizing entity, and it is susceptible to various kinds of breakdowns and distortions. Several policy issues raised by these problems are examined. The paper ends by addressing the question as to whether industrial agglomeration is an effect of producers' search for creative synergies, or whether such synergies are themselves simply a contingent outcome of agglomeration.

Bringing history (back) into international business (2006) 🗎🗎

We argue that the field of international business should evolve its rhetoric from the relatively uncontroversial idea that 'history matters' to exploring how it matters. We discuss four conceptual channels through which history matters, illustrating each with a major example. First, historical variation is at least a worthy complement to contemporary cross-sectional variation in illuminating conceptual issues. As an example, we show that conclusions reached by the literature on contemporary emerging market business groups are remarkably similar to independently reached conclusions about a very similar organizational form that was ubiquitous in the age of empire. Second, historical evidence avoids spurious labeling of some phenomena as 'new', and by so doing may challenge current explanations of their determinants. Whereas some firm types today were also present earlier, some types have disappeared, some have appeared, and some have disappeared and reappeared later. Third, history can allow us to move beyond the oft-recognized importance of issues of path dependence to explore the roots of Penrosian resources. We argue that the choices made by Jardine's and Swire's in Asia today, for example, are an outgrowth of strategic choices first in evidence more than a century ago. These would remain obscured absent an historical analysis. Fourth, there are certain issues that are unaddressable, except in the really long (that is, historical) run. Exploring the causal relationship (if any) between foreign direct investment, a staple of the international business literature, and long-run economic development provides one important example. Throughout, we advocate embracing rigorous methods for analyzing small-sample and qualitative data when conventional regression techniques do not apply. That is, we suggest that re-embracing history in the mainstream is not tantamount to sacrificing methodological rigor.

History versus equilibrium? On the possibility and realist basis of a general critique of traditional equilibrium analysis (2006) 🗎🗎

This paper responds to Backhouse's (2004) claims that there is no antagonism between history and equilibrium and no case to be made in principle against equilibrium analysis. We first show that Backhouse's partial defense of equilibrium analysis has already been encompassed by heterodox theory. We then identify a "traditional equilibrium approach" to economic analysis and provide a general critique of this approach based on its perceived infidelity to the properties of social reality. Finally, we argue that this exercise exemplifies Lawson's (2005a) thesis that heterodox skepticism of equilibrium analysis is motivated by ontic concerns-that is, concerns with the intrinsic properties of the social material that is being theorized by economists.

Wild, women, and wolves: An ecological feminist examination of wolf reintroduction (2007) 🗎🗎

Despite the successes, and the considerable and continuing ethical disputes regarding wolf reintroduction in the United States, no clear, cogent, theoretically based ethical examination of the wolf reintroductions has yet been completed. Ecoloincal feminist thought, particularly a, articulated by Karen J. Warren, presents one way to create such an ethical assessment. Applying ecological feminist theories to wolf reintroduction also generates an intriguing instance of theoretical application in the "real world" and sheds insight oil the pragmatic value of ecological feminist thought. While ecofeminism does not give a definitive and decisively defensible position concerning wolf reintroduction, it does offer a repeatable framework and set of conditions by which one can assess environmental practice and policy, evidencing yet another example of the relevance of environmental ethics for the assessment of environmental policy.

From careers to itineraries... all the way through the notion of competence (2007) 🗎🗎

Do the social uses of the notion of competence affect operatives' careers ? A linkage between competency-based-management and careers is not to be taken for granted when competence is seen in relation to changes in work. In France, "policies of competence" entail modifying the specifications for managing the future of wage-earners, since a rationale grounded on the idea of a career yields to one based on the notion of an itinerary. Firms have supported the latter as a way to make mobility more fluid and to ensure the recognition of qualifications. However, this rationale based on occupational itineraries runs afoul of the segmented in-house labor market, which unfailingly turns an itinerary into an obstacle Course. As a result, careers are "deinstitutionalized", a trend to be related to the gradual institutionalization of "secure itineraries" with incentives coming from public employment and training policies. Invoking competence in order to make itineraries secure is part of ail argument about the "destabilization of employment" that justifies delegating to individuals the management of their future and legitimates the idea that employability is to be the major Counterpart for motivating wage-earners. For lack of new regulations for work throughout the life course, the rationale of an itinerary risks making the marketplace the major source of (dis)order in personal destinies. (c) 2007 Elsevier Masson SAS. Tons droits reserves.

Path dependence: a foundational concept for historical social science (2007) 🗎🗎

This introduction to the concept of path dependence, its pertinence for the development of historical social science, and its application in economic analysis and economic history, proceeds from intuitive general ideas about history and historicity in narratives. It provides precise definitions of what is meant by describing a dynamical process as being "historical.'' Deterministic and stochastic formalizations of such dynamical systems are distinguished. The characterization of stochastic path dependent processes as "non-ergodic'' is explained in non-mathematical language by reference to concepts in probability theory, and a variety of representations of such processes in formal models is surveyed (including the Polya urn-process, certain kinds of Markov chain models, branching processes, and reversible spin systems) to show that while all display path dependence, their properties in other respects are quite different. The diverse set of structural, micro-level conditions that can give rise to path dependence is examined, and a further distinction is drawn between the property of path dependence and the existence of so-called "QWERTY-effects''-characterized by decentralized competitive market failures and consequent "lock-in'' to Pareto-inefficient equilibria. Concluding sections consider the implications of the existence of non-ergodic dynamics for the methods of economic policy analysis, and the nature of the guidance that can be obtained in regard to public policy affecting endogenous technological change and institutional evolution.

Event and process: An exercise in analytical ethnography (2007) 🗎🗎

Analytical ethnography does not presume a principal analytical frame. It does not know (yet) where and when the field takes place. Rather, the ethnographer is in search for appropriate spatiotemporal frames in correspondence with the occurrences in the field. Accordingly, the author organizes a dialogue between conceptual frames and his various empirical accounts. He confronts snapshots of English Crown Court proceedings with models of event and process from micro-sociology and macro-sociology. A range of-more or less early or late, relevant or irrelevant, contingent or predetermined-processual events serves as the vantage point to access event and process relations. In this line, Crown Court proceedings serve as an introductory and exemplary field for analytical ethnography, because they involve both: (strong) events and their process and (strong) processes and their events.

Complexity theory, systems theory, and multiple intersecting social inequalities (2007) 🗎🗎

This article contributes to the revision of the concept of system in social theory using complexity theory. The old concept of social system is widely discredited; a new concept of social system can more adequately constitute an explanatory framework. Complexity theory offers the toolkit needed for this paradigm shift in social theory. The route taken is not via Luhmann, but rather the insights of complexity theorists in the sciences are applied to the tradition of social theory inspired by Marx, Weber, and Simmel. The article contributes to the theorization of intersectionality in social theory as well as to the philosophy of social science. It addresses the challenge of theorizing the intersection of multiple complex social inequalities, exploring the various alternative approaches, before rethinking the concept of social system. It investigates and applies, for the first time, the implications of complexity theory for the analysis of multiple intersecting social inequalities.

Hierarchy maintenance, coalition formation, and the origins of altruistic punishment (2007) 🗎🗎

Game theory has played a critical role in elucidating the evolutionary origins of social behavior. Sober and Wilson (1999) model altruism as a prisoner's dilemma and claim that this model indicates that altruism arose from group selection pressures. Sober and Wilson also suggest that the prisoner's dilemma model can be used to characterize punishment; hence, punishment too originated from group selection pressures. However, empirical evidence suggests that a group selection model of the origins of altruistic punishment may be insufficient. I argue that examining dominance hierarchies and coalition formation in chimpanzee societies suggests that the origins of altruistic punishment may be best captured by individual selection models. I suggest that this shows the necessity of coupling of game-theoretic models with a conception of what our actual social structure may have been like to best model the origins of our own behavior.

Variegated capitalism (2007) 🗎🗎

The article critically engages with the 'varieties of capitalism' school, which since its origins in the early 1990s has been consolidated into one of the most influential strands in comparative and heterodox political economy. While the 'varieties' approach can be credited with the development of several of the most evocative stylized facts in heterodox political economy, having served as a potent foil against the orthodox globalization thesis, its alternative vision of a bipolar global economy comprising two competing capitalisms is found to be wanting. The approach is limited by its methodological nationalism, a tendency towards static analysis and latent institutional functionalism, and by an inability to adequately balance national specificity and path-dependency on the one hand with common underlying tendencies in capitalist restructuring on the other. Nevertheless, the varieties approach has spawned an influential account of the spatiality of advanced capitalism from which economic geography can certainly learn, and to which it has much to contribute.

Falling walls and mending fences: Archaeological ethnography in the Limpopo (2007) 🗎🗎

In this article I take my lead from the sentiments expressed by one of my colleagues in South Africa National Parks - a young, black woman who seeks a radical revisioning of archaeology and anthropology in the new South Africa. She wants to see archaeology labour in the service of a newly emergent and more equitable nation, to perform a remedial and therapeutic service that actively counteracts the centuries of colonial oppression and apartheid erasures that have deeply affected the production of the past and thus future possibilities. Given this particular historical conjuncture, archaeology ( like all historical disciplines) is being called upon to do double work, a dual project that seeks to address and redress the past and, through the accounts provided, make possible new understandings of identity in present and future social settings. 1 This dual mandate has been willingly embraced by a younger generation of scholars, yet the deeply political valences of South African archaeology continue to be staunchly avoided by others. To begin, I offer a brief outline of my research in Kruger National Park, followed by a description of two very different field projects based around the archaeological site of Thulamela and the various stakeholders and agendas continually being brought into play. This leads into a discussion of the wider impacts of heritage work in terms of local identities and tensions and suggests that recognition and reparations around such contested landscapes continue to be fraught, despite protean political rhetoric and regime change. Throughout I hope to lay some groundwork for a hybrid practice I refer to as archaeological ethnography - a traversing of two distinct, but necessarily enmeshed subfields.

Aardvark et al.: quality journals and gamesmanship in management studies (2007) 🗎🗎

Publication in quality journals has become a major indicator of research performance in UK universities. This paper investigates the notion of 'quality journal' and finds dizzying circularity in its definitions. Actually, what a quality journal is does not really matter: agreement that there are such things matters very much indeed. As so often happens with indicators of performance, the indicator has become the target. So, the challenge is to publish in quality journals, and the challenge rewards gamesmanship. Vested interests have become particularly skilful at the game, and at exercising the winners' prerogative of changing the rules. All but forgotten in the desperation to win the game is publication as a means of communicating research findings for the public benefit. The paper examines the situation in management studies, but the problem is much more widespread. It concludes that laughter is both the appropriate reaction to such farce, and also, perhaps, the stimulus to reform.

Disruptive innovation: Can health care learn from other industries? A conversation with Clayton M. Christensen (2007) 🗎🗎

Clayton Christensen is one of America's most influential business thinkers and writers. A professor at Harvard Business School, Christensen is perhaps best known for his writings on disruptive innovation in such books as The Innovator's Dilemma and The Innovator's Solution. In this interview with the California Healthcare Foundation's Mark Smith, he argues that the answer for more affordable health care will come not from an injection of more funding but, rather, from innovations that aim to make more and more areas of care cheaper, simpler, and more in the hands of patients. Christensen has been an adviser to several new companies in health care.

Thriving at Amazon: How Schumpeter lives in books today (2007) 🗎🗎

Amazon.com's "Search Inside the Book" feature provides a new and exciting tool for bibliometric research. Over the last few years, a growing number of books listed on Amazon.com reference Schumpeter in some way. As of May 3, 2007, Amazon listed 8,086 books that in some way refer to Schumpeter. Of these, I currently have names and titles of 3,719 books in the Schumpeter Amazon database. Of these, I have done content-analysis for 1,176 books that make reference to Schumpeter. The main result is that a significant number of the references to Schumpeter are related to creative destruction. The percent of Schumpeter-references where the reference is related to creative destruction is significantly higher for books on business than books on economics. I believe this is a case where market demand reflects intellectual value, even if academic economics has not done much to incorporate Schumpeter's central ideas.

Ethical flaws in training analysis (2007) 🗎🗎

With the spread of Freud's psychoanalytic movement, in numbers as well as in ideas, there came a time when what used to be informal "training," in the course of peripatetic or brief analyses with the master, was bureaucratized as a tripartite training system consisting of training analysis, didactic instruction, and analytic work under supervision. This was codified in the first official psychoanalytic institute, established in Berlin, that superseded the earlier tradition of Freud's Vienna. This development created a perennial tension between the goals of training and of treatment, with blurring of boundaries and creation of insurmountable ethical conflicts. The crux of the conflict is that the vested interests of the training analyst hamper the spirit of a good-enough treatment analysis: freedom of choice, suitable analysand-analyst fit, and more. This article is an analysis of these ethical conflicts and a plea for reform.

Doing, allowing, and precaution (2007) 🗎🗎

Many environmental policies seem to rest on an implicit distinction between doing and allowing. For example, it is generally thought worse to drive a species to extinction than to fail to save a species that is declining through no fault of our own, and worse to pollute the air with chemicals that trigger asthma attacks than to fail to remove naturally occurring allergens such as pollen and mold. The distinction between doing and allowing seems to underlie certain versions of the precautionary principle, and insofar as the precautionary principle rests on this distinction, it diverges from direct consequentialist approaches to risk management. There are two ways in which such reliance on the doing/allowing distinction may be defended: by appeal to indirect consequentialist considerations, and by appeal to deontological considerations. Neither approach is unproblematic; however, retention of a distinction between doing and allowing in environmental policy is consistent with the widespread intuition that there is something prima facie valuable about the world as we find it.

Main-path analysis and path-dependent transitions in HistCite (TM)-based historiograms (2008) 🗎🗎

With the program HistCite (TM) it is possible to generate and visualize the most relevant papers in a set of documents retrieved from the Science Citation Index. Historical reconstructions of scientific developments can be represented chronologically as developments in networks of citation relations extracted from scientific literature. This study aims to go beyond the historical reconstruction of scientific knowledge, enriching the output of HistCite (TM) with algorithms from social-network analysis and information theory. Using main-path analysis, it is possible to highlight the structural backbone in the development of a scientific field. The expected information value of the message can be used to indicate whether change in the distribution (of citations) has occurred to such an extent that a path-dependency is generated. This provides us with a measure of evolutionary change between subsequent documents. The "forgetting and rewriting" of historically prior events at the research front can thus be indicated. These three methods-HistCite, main path and path dependent transitions-are applied to a set of documents related to fullerenes and the fullerene-like structures known as nanotubes.

Social boundaries and the instability of positions in France (2008) 🗎🗎

In contemporary French society, traditional inequalities persist While new ones have emerged, particularly as a result of the growing destabilization of social and professional positions. The notion of boundary therefore becomes essential: boundaries delimit social categories, but also open LIP spaces for encounters and exchanges. Seeking to comprehend the processes of constructing and/or weakening social boundaries, a qualitative research study was carried Out With families (parents and young people) of different social groups, centred on the symbolic construction and perception of the boundaries between different social classes, and oil their construction within these classes. Do social classes still Constitute the bases for Subjective boundaries? The article concludes that the fluid and complex nature of social experiences means the need for more work at connecting and adapting from the actors.

K. William Kapp's theory of social costs and environmental policy: Towards political ecological economics (2008) 🗎🗎

The paper analyzes the contribution of K. William Kapp, widely considered one of the founders of Ecological Economics. This paper will demonstrate how K. William Kapp developed his theory of social costs into a framework for environmental policy development, i.e. the basis for Political Ecological Economics. The latter provides the most comprehensive and non-utilitarian alternative to the main neoclassical approaches provided by Arthur Pigou and Ronald Coase. Kapp determined basic human needs to be necessary values operational for policymaking via politically derived and scientifically determined social minima (criteria) and socio-ecological indicators. This "rational humanism" was inspired by Weber's concept of substantive rationality and informed by John Dewey's pragmatic instrumentalism. The paper concludes that Kapp's contribution is important enough to cement its place in the broader school of Ecological Economics. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Sequencing and Its Consequences: Path Dependence and the Relationships between Genetics and Medicalization (2008) 🗎🗎

Both advocacy for and critiques of the Human Genome Project assume a self-sustaining relationship between genetics and medicalization. However, this assumption ignores the ways in which the meanings of genetic research are conditional on its position in sequences of events. Based on analyses of three conditions for which at least one putative gene or genetic marker has been identified, this article argues that critical junctures in the institutional stabilization of phenotypes and the mechanisms that sustain such classifications over time configure the practices and meanings of genetic research. Path dependence is critical to understanding the lack of consistent fit between genetics and medicalization.

Systematic process analysis: when and how to use it (2008) 🗎🗎

Challenging the contention that statistical methods applied to large numbers of cases invariably provide better grounds for causal inference, this article explores the value of a method of systematic process analysis that can be applied in a small number of cases. It distinguishes among three modes of explanation - historically specific, multivariate and theory-oriented - and argues that systematic process analysis has special value for developing theory-oriented explanations. It outlines the steps required to perform such analysis well and illustrates them with reference to Owen's investigation of the 'democratic peace'. Comparing the results available from this kind of method with those from statistical analysis, it examines the conditions under which each method is warranted. Against conceptions of the 'comparative method, which imply that small-n case-studies provide weak grounds for causal inference, it argues that the intensive examination of a small number of cases can be an appropriate research design for testing such inferences.

Conditional random fields for entity extraction and ontological text coding (2008) 🗎🗎

Previous research suggests that one field with a strong yet unsatisfied need for automatically extracting instances of various entity classes from texts is the analysis of socio-technical systems (Feldstein in Media in Transition MiT5, 2007; Hampe et al. in Netzwerkanalyse und Netzwerktheorie, 2007; Weil et al. in Proceedings of the 2006 Command and Control Research and Technology Symposium, 2006; Diesner and Carley in XXV Sunbelt Social Network Conference, 2005). Traditional as well as non-traditional and customized sets of entity classes and the relationships between them are often specified in ontologies or taxonomies. We present a Conditional Random Fields (CRF)-based approach to distilling a set of entities that are defined in an ontology originating from organization science. CRF, a supervised sequential machine learning technique, facilitates the derivation of relational data from corpora by locating and classifying instances of various entity classes. The classified entities can be used as nodes for the construction of socio-technical networks. We find the outcome sufficiently accurate (82.7 percent accuracy of locating and classifying entities) for future application in the described problem domain. We propose using the presented methodology as a crucial step in the process of advanced modeling and analysis of complex and dynamic networks.

Commentary on paper by Hilary Hoge (2008) 🗎🗎

In this discussion the author raises the question of the analyst's freedom to sustain paradoxical viewpoints, specifically with regard to dream interpretation and related links to internal objects and the self as they appear in the transference. Paradox allows for the creation of multiple, coexisting meanings that can be played with by patient and analyst. Paradox also makes possible an experience of decentering and destabilization pursuant to Bion' s catastrophic change. The risk inherent in the emotional experience of catastrophic change may limit and at times foreclose both patient's and analyst's freedom to tolerate and sustain the effects of paradox.

The technology evolving culture: character and consequence (2008) 🗎🗎

Out of the Renaissance, a new Technology Evolving Culture emerged that transformed every aspect of personal and social existence. The part of the world that has participated only peripherally in this process is now riven with an antithetical movement that challenges the existence of the Technology Evolving Culture. Evidently, for both sides survival is at stake.

Boundary terminology (2008) 🗎🗎

In response to environmental historians' growing usage of spatial theory and terminology, this essay seeks to clarify the development of terms used to describe state spaces. The essay urges historians to be more deliberate in defining and using spatial terminology, and to give greater consideration to how these concepts have been used in other disciplines. Historians' insights about the contexts and contingencies of the past are critically important for the formation of social and environmental policy, but to matter beyond their discipline, they must better attune themselves to how other scholars and policy makers have been using boundary terminology.

Barriers of regional development: application of evolutionary biology concepts (2008) 🗎🗎

Evolutionary perspective in modern economics has been developed during last decades. Despite the fact that the similar trend in economic geography is more recent, the number of economic geographers who are interested in evolutionary economics is still growing and evolutionary economic geography has been constituted. The main interest of the discipline focuses, according to Boschma and Martin (2007), on the processes of transformation of the economic landscape, spatial and economic determinants of routines and changes caused by innovations. Evolutionary economic geography is strongly inspired by evolutionary economics - it works with its theoretical concepts, models and empirical results and applies them on the territorial level. With respect to the fact that neither evolutionary economics, nor evolutionary economic geography have strong theoretical and methodological background (Boschma, Martin 2007; Essletzbichler, Rigby 2007), both disciplines work essentially with applications of some potentially useful biological concepts. Many of these concepts, for example routines, selection and in principle also path dependence or lock-in have been already applied to the evolution of firms, technologies, institutions or regional growth from geographical point of view (e.g. Boschma, van der Knaap 1997; Grabber, Stark 1997; Boschma, Weterings 2005; Boschma, Lambooy 1999; Essletzbichler, Winther 1999) or economic point of view (e.g. Klepper 2001; Nelson, Winter 1982; Hodgson, Knudsen 2004; Hannan, Freeman 1977; Arthur 1989; David 1985), mainly through analogies and metaphors. Some authors however prefer generalized Darwinism, based on the idea that crucial principles of evolutionary biology propose general theoretical framework for understanding change in evolution of all domains (e.g. Essletzbichler, Rigby 2007; Hodgson 2002; Hodgson, Knudsen 2006). Boschma and Martin (2007) are nevertheless convinced that import of some concepts from other disciplines is one of the main ways how to bring new perspectives. This text shares this point of view; it is presumed that general principles of Darwinism can create fundamental framework that can be extended of other interesting concepts of evolutionary biology potentially applicable to some regional development issues. Evolutionary biology concepts until now applied to the evolutionary economic geography were in general,screened" by evolutionary economics that can guarantee, to a large extend, their usefulness for issues of socio-economic reality. However, on the other hand this approach can limit their sample. The direct application of evolutionary biology concepts to some regional development issues without mediatory role of economics thus represents in principle a new approach that can be partly risky (for example due to nonexistent theoretical and methodological framework) but simultaneously can help to find some interesting concepts neglected by economics. The main objective of the text is to show that the postulates of generalized Darwinism and the evolutionary biology concepts already applied to some socio-economic disciplines (mainly to evolutionary economics) are useful, though not the only ones, approaches how to work with the rich inspiration from evolutionary biology for the study of selected regional development issues. Evolutionary biology directly proposes many interesting concepts potentially applicable to regional development issues and this text presents at least one of these. The text is based on the hypothesis that some analogical traits can be identified among socio-economic concepts of path dependence and lock-in and biological concepts of speciation and reproductive isolation mechanisms. Concepts of both disciplines are linked with the processes strengthening identity or specificity of a phenomenon - it can be regional specialization or "closeness" of biological species. For this purpose, supportive mechanisms or structures are created and these mechanisms or structures can secondarily act also as barriers hindering penetration and distribution of competitive alternatives. On the basis of large literature on the path dependence and lock-in issue and owing to inspiration of reproductive isolation mechanisms, the text tries to classify some relatively often occurring socio-economic barriers according to their thematic orientation, "readability", difficulty to overcome these barriers and a convenient level of interventions (local, regional, national etc.). Combination of these criteria offers a synthesizing point of view for study of some cases of path dependence and lock-in to show the difficulty with which certain barriers can be taken out and the convenient level of the intervention. Every specific case can be probably characterised by another combination of thematic barriers that can be easy or difficult to overcome, with different level of readability and different level of solvability because relatively similar conditions can sometimes function as insurmountable barriers and sometimes do not hinder other development at all. The text has the following structure: at first, fundamental aspects of speciation and reproductive isolation mechanisms concept are explained, follows an attempt to identify similar aspects of speciation, reproductive isolation mechanisms, path dependence and lock-in. Biological reproductive isolation mechanisms offer general inspiration for identification of some types of socio-economic barriers of regional development and for an attempt to classify them. This classification framework is applied to the well-known study of industrial specialization in Scotland (Checkland 1976).

HANGING BY EXCESS: HISTORY, ETHICS AND IDENTITY IN THE NOVEL COLOMBINA DESCUBIERTA BY ALICIA FREILICH (2008) 🗎🗎

In the 1990s, a significant group of Venezuelan writers has carried out in its fiction a dialogue about the major events of national History From this dissident group comes the author Alicia Freilich, who in her novel Colombina descubierta (1991), transcends the concept of reproduction of history as a set of identities and resorts to the destabilization of speech, of artefacts of memory and of subjectivity in the most traditional sense of the term. She thus proposes the existence of an ethical identity based on core emotional bonds, and on the individual's proteic ability

Dead hand arguments and constitutional interpretation (2008) 🗎🗎

This Article attempts to reset the relationship between theories of constitutional authority and methods of constitutional interpretation. Several scholars assert that our reasons for respecting the United States Constitution as law-despite its imperfection and dead authors-strongly influence the proper method of interpretation for that text. The "why" of authority supposedly drives the "how" of interpretation. But this relationship can be better understood. To the extent an authority theory is distinguishable from interpretive method, it is true that the former will identify what counts as law to be interpreted. Beyond that, the asserted relationship fades. First, some authority theories actually depend on a given interpretive method rather than the reverse, and an overarching normative framework can independently suggest interpretive choices. Second, and oddly, the correlation between a constitutional authority theory's persuasiveness and its logical implications for interpretation seems negative. Perhaps the more persuasive, the less influential. This is so even putting aside institutional considerations, which already have been used to soften the influence of high theory on interpretation. Yet authority theories and interpretation may be connected in a different way. The link involves multiple sources of law, instead of the interpretive method for one text. An authority theory can gauge the relative strength of competing sources of law bearing on the same decision, helping to resolve conflicts among them. Even the Constitution is subject to an evaluation of its strength.

Complex bounded rationality in dyke construction path-dependency, lock-in in the emergence of the geometry of the Zeeland delta (2008) 🗎🗎

In this article the theoretical concepts of path-dependency and lock-in are applied to the geometry of the Zeeland delta in the Netherlands. They are used to show that even very small and unpredictable events can cause systems to remain on a path that is practically impossible to leave because the costs of leaving are too high. As a result, systems can lock into a certain outcome based on continuous rational decisions that have been made in the past. It is recognised that the positioning of the dykes in the Zeeland delta has locked into a geometry that is nowadays perceived as unfavourable. Non-predictability, non-ergodicity, inflexibility and path-inefficiency, which are all properties of path-dependency and lock-in, provide perspectives for examining how the positioning of the dykes has evolved over time. They also offer explanations about how decisions pertaining to the development of land in the past have led to results that are now considered to be unfavourable. As a consequence policy makers are considering investing considerable resources in order to restore a favourable situation. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Transference - An attractive system state (2008) 🗎🗎

The authors interpret the interpersonal dynamics of transference and countertransference from a system-theoretical perspective. They explain synergetic basic concepts and characterize the patient-therapist relationship in the therapeutic process as a self-organizing system with its elements being in complex interaction. Taking this perspective, they apply the system-theoretical concept of the attractor (steady state/pattern formation) to the transference concept. In this view, specific dynamic pattern formations occur spontaneously and are inevitable in the course of the therapy. Therapeutic change is caused by the transition from one steady state to another steady system behavior. The transition from one steady state to a new steady behavior is sudden, implying however the passage through a critical instable phase. Such a destabilization emerges from continuous energy supply. In the course of therapy,we could identify a sufficient degree of offering of new patterns of interaction, which are in contradiction to the old relationship patterns, with that "psychodynamic energy supply", which is necessary to transgress a critical threshold. Offering such interaction patterns is made possible by a successful dealing with countertransference processes. Both therapist and patient are simultaneously reflective observers of their interaction system and try hereby to resist the enforcement of the steady state. The authors exemplify their theoretical considerations on the basis of transcripts of parts of two sessions. The authors refer also to practical consequences of the concept and present several empirical findings concerning the instability in psychotherapeutic processes.

Never Waste a Good Crisis: An Historical Perspective on Comparative Corporate Governance (2009) 🗎🗎

Different economics at different times use different institutional arrangements to constrain the people entrusted with allocating capital and other resources. Comparative financial histories show these corporate governance regimes to be largely stable through time, but capable of occasional dramatic change in response to a severe crisis. Legal origin, language, culture, religion, accidents of history (path dependence), and other factors affect these changes because they affect how people and societies solve problems.

Taming Prometheus: Talk About Safety and Culture (2009) 🗎🗎

Talk of safety culture has emerged as a common trope in contemporary scholarship and popular media as an explanation for accidents and as a recipe for improvement in complex sociotechnical systems. Three conceptions of culture appear in talk about safety: culture as causal attitude, culture as engineered organization, and culture as emergent and indeterminate. If we understand culture as sociologists and anthropologists theorize as an indissoluble dialectic of system and practice, as both the product and context of social action, the first two perspectives deploying standard causal logics fail to provide persuasive accounts. Displaying affinities with individualist and reductionist epistemologies, safety culture is frequently operationalized in terms of the attitudes and behaviors of individual actors, often the lowest-level actors, with the least authority, in the organizational hierarchy. Sociological critiques claim that culture is emergent and indeterminate and cannot be instrumentalized to prevent technological accidents. Research should explore the features of complex systems that have been elided in the talk of safety culture: normative heterogeneity and conflict, inequalities in power and authority, and competing sets of legitimate interests within organizations.

Sociological Explanations of Capitalist Dynamics (2009) 🗎🗎

Capitalism is an intrinsically dynamic system whose analysis requires a historically and dynamically orientated approach. The author argues that economic sociology could gain from a corresponding revision of her conceptualizations. The first part of the paper contains a brief recapitulation of the classic contributions of Marx, Schumpeter and Weber to a theory of capitalist development. In the following chapters two types of evolutionary approaches are introduced and discussed with regard to their explanatory potential for capitalist dynamics: Firstly it is shown how the evolutionary version of Hartmut Esser's "model of sociological explanation" could be applied to the field of capitalist development, although certain corrections of the concept appear desirable. Secondly, concepts of path dependent innovation which have been developed in the realm of evolutionary economics are introduced. The paper shows that these concepts have already found a number of promising applications in different research fields of economic sociology.

The village clay: recursive innovations and community self-fashioning among Sinhalese potters (2009) 🗎🗎

Capital-intensive technological change among petty commodity producers is often thought to increase socio-economic and gender differentiation. But among the Sri Lankan potters described here, this appears not to have happened. Instead, the community has harnessed the power of kinship and memory to maintain egalitarian and communitarian values and practices, and sustain a fragile but eminently practical balance between the needs of individual households and the interests of the community they comprise and on which they depend. Building on economist W. Brian Arthur's theories of origination and archaeologist Sander van der Leeuw's work on potter agency, it is argued here that culture and social organization comprise support systems that are as vital as capital to successful technological change.

Theatre of Use: A Frame Analysis of Information Technology Demonstrations (2009) 🗎🗎

Demonstrations are a universal form of technical exchange in the world of information technology (IT), but they get almost no mention in its practical guides and theoretical accounts. To understand their structure, role and status better, an interview study was carried out with experienced practitioners focusing on commercial presentations of software to large organizations. Drawing on Goffman's frame analysis, the present-day IT demonstration is seen in relation to other members of a broader class of technoscientific displays, particularly those of pre-20th century science epitomized by the famous performances of Boyle, Faraday and others. The focus of the account here is on how demonstrations are experienced by participants and what this might reveal about the manner of knowledge production that they make possible. Following a dramaturgical metaphor, the IT demonstration is understood as a Theatre of Use in which a possible sociotechnical system is represented dramatically through the actions of the demonstrator interacting with the technology. What comes to be known through the performance is seen to be multiply-framed and to encompass various ways of knowing.

Concatenate coordination and mutual coordination (2009) 🗎🗎

We tell of the evolving meaning of the term coordination as used by economists. The paper is based on systematic electronic searches (on "coord," etc.) of major works and leading journals. The term coordination first emerged in professional economics around 1880, to describe the directed productive concatenation of factors or activities within a firm. Also, transportation economists used the term to describe the concatenation of routes and trips of a transportation system. These usages represent what we term concatenate coordination. The next major development came in the 1930s from several LSE economists (Hayek, Plant, Hutt, and Coase), who extended that concept beyond the eye of any actual coordinator. That is. they wrote of the concatenate coordination of a system of polycentric or spontaneous activities, These various applications of concatenate coordination prevailed until the next major development. namely, Thomas Schelling and game models. Here coordination referred to a mutual meshing of actions. Game theorists developed crisp ideas of coordination games (like "battle of the sexes"). coordination equilibria, convention. and path dependence. This "coordination" was not a refashioning, but rather a distinct concept, one we distinguish as mutual coordination. As game models became more familiar to economists, it was mutual coordination that economists increasingly had in mind when they spoke of "coordination." Economists switched, so to speak, to a new semantic equilibrium. Now, mutual coordination overshadows the older notion of concatenate coordination. The two senses of coordination are conceptually distinct and correspond neatly to the two dictionary definitions of the verb to coordinate. Both are crucial to economics. We suggest that distinguishing between the two senses can help to clarify "coordination" talk. Also, compared to talk of "efficiency" and "optimality," concatenate coordination allows for a richer, more humanistic, and more openly aesthetic discussion of social affairs. The narrative is backed up by Excel worksheets that report on systematic content searches of the writings of economics using the worldwide web and, using JSTOR, of Quarterly journal of Economics, Economic Journal, Journal of Political Economy. American Economic Review, and Economica. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Multiple Modernities: Competing Theses and Open Questions A Literature Report with a Constructive Intention (2009) 🗎🗎

The multiple-modernities approach is developed in confrontation with alternative theories and by answering open questions. First, the basic problems of defining different types of modernity will be explained (I). In contrast to the idea of multiple patterns of modernity, neo-modernization theory claims there is a growing similarity between modernizing societies. This is based on the model of the fixed interdependencies of modern institutions (2). Furthermore, it is supposed that culture follows structure. That is why the effects of culture on patterns of modernity must be scrutinized in detail (3). World-systems approaches den), the existence Of multiple modernities (4). Comparative research oil forms of capitalism identifies a so-called Rhine-type of capitalism which cuts across civilizational units. The question arises as to whether variation develops as independent of or as dependent on cultural sources (5). These theoretical insights are Used to clarify tacit assumptions within the debate on the entry of Turkey into the EU (6). Finally, open questions requiring further research are enumerated (7).

CAUSATION, COUNTERFACTUALS, AND COMPETITIVE ADVANTAGE (2009) 🗎🗎

Causation is still poorly understood in strategy research, and confusion prevails around key concepts such as competitive advantage. In this paper, we define epistemological conditions that help dispel some of this confusion and provide a basis for more dei;eloped approaches. In particular, we argue that a counterfactual approach-one that builds on a systematic analysis of 'what-if' questions-can advance our understanding of key causal mechanisms in strategy research. We offer two concrete methodologies-counterfactual history and causal modeling-as useful solutions. We also show that these methodologies open up new avenues in research on competitive advantage. Counterfactual history can acid to our understanding of the context-specific Construction of resource-based competitive advantage and path dependence, and causal modeling can help to reconceptualize the relationships between resources and performance. In particular, resource properties can be regarded as mediating mechanisms in these causal relationships. Copyright (C) 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Afterword: In Praise of the A Posteriori Sociology and the Empirical (2009) 🗎🗎

This article begins with discussions of rationalist, a priori and empiricist, a posteriori thinking in philosophy. It then argues that classically, sociology is rationalist or a priori. Sociology - Weber, Simmel, Durkheim and Marx moves from Kant's epistemological a priori to the social a priori. It moves from the question of how knowledge is possible to the question of how society is possible. This question of the possibility of society becomes quickly one of social control and social order in functionalism and Parsons. The article argues instead for an aposteriorist, de facto empiricist sociology that breaks with this ultimately normative question. This aposteriorist sociology would instead investigate social processes in their very factuality, their open-endedness, complexity, and path dependency. A priorism in sociology, I would argue, is dominant in both positivism and phenomenology. The article opposes to phenomenology's transcendentaI rationalism a 'transcendental empiricism' that is illustrated with Edmund Burke's English and aposteriori aesthetics of the sublime. Sociology today needs to be relevant to study of 'emerging' nations like China. The article argues for an aposteriorist, empiricist sociology here, and looks at debates on property law in today's China. Here we look at rationalist and a priori notions of clear, distinct and divisible property in Continental reception of Roman law. We counterpose to this English, empiricist (a posteriori) Common Law notions of property as a bundle of rights, in which property is not clear and distinct but vague like a boundary object. We look at how this is instantiated in China. With Francois Jullien, we contrast a Chinese, effectively empiricist, aposteriorist notion of the universal to Western rationalist and a priori universalism. We look at the implications for international geopolitics and a possible Chinese route to democracy. With Jullien, we counterpose an aposteriorist Chinese notion of 'activity' to the Western a priori notions of 'action' found in Weber and Parsons. The Chinese 'activity' is more processual, more relational, less goal-oriented, more path-dependent than our Western notion of 'action'. The article argues that in the twenty-first century when national social control is partly displaced by global uncertainty, and when the ascendancy of the West is coming increasingly under question, that such an empiricist, aposteriorist sociology is suitable.

On bullshit in cultural policy practice and research: notes from the British case (2009) 🗎🗎

In 2005, Harry G. Frankfurt, a retired professor of moral philosophy at Princeton University, made it into the best-sellers chart with his book On Bullshit. Taking his essay as its starting point, this article explores the analysis of bullshit and the prevalence of bullshitting in the contemporary public sphere. Frankfurt's short essay indeed provides an intellectual framework to interpret and understand contemporary rhetoric and practice in the cultural policy field, as well as recent trends in cultural policy research. Through a discussion of selected New Labour's cultural policy documents in Britain, the article aims to show that many of the key actors in the cultural policy debate indeed display the 'indifference to how things really are' and the cultivation of vested interests which Frankfurt attributes to the activity of bullshitting. The final part of the text discusses the implications of the present status quo for 'critical' cultural policy research.

Natural selection and history (2009) 🗎🗎

In "Spandrels," Gould and Lewontin criticized what they took to be an all-too-common conviction, namely, that adaptation to current environments determines organic form. They stressed instead the importance of history. In this paper, we elaborate upon their concerns by appealing to other writings in which those issues are treated in greater detail. Gould and Lewontin's combined emphasis on history was three-fold. First, evolution by natural selection does not start from scratch, but always refashions preexisting forms. Second, preexisting forms are refashioned by the selection of whatever mutational variations happen to arise: the historical order of mutations needs to be taken into account. Third, the order of environments and selection pressures also needs to be taken into account.

Sustaining Performance Under Stress: Overview of This Issue (2009) 🗎🗎

Full-spectrum warfare places a heavy cognitive burden on the soldier that may exceed normal adaptive stress response mechanisms. It is crucial to understand the effects of battlefield stressors on physical and cognitive performance, decision-making, and adaptation. This information can be used to devise advanced training tactics and technological aids. The recent emergence of new technologies in diverse fields, including neuroimaging, psychology, kinesiology, endocrinology, genetics, linguistics, and warfare strategy will enable enhanced performance of the soldier on the battlefield or in insurgency arenas. Maximal utility of these technologies requires interaction between experts in each methodology and the Army. The Sustaining Performance Under Stress Symposium serves as an example of the multidisciplinary approach involving experts from academia, Army laboratories, and military leadership.

LAW, PSYCHOLOGY, AND MORALITY (2009) 🗎🗎

In a democratic society, law is an important means to express, manipulate, and enforce moral codes. Demonstrating empirically that law can achieve moral goals is difficult. Nevertheless, public interest groups spend considerable energy and resources to change the law with the goal of changing not only morally laden behaviors, but also morally laden cognitions and emotions. Additionally, even when there is little reason to believe that a change in law will lead to changes in behavior or attitudes, groups SE-e the law as a form of moral capital that they wish to own, to make a statement about society. Examples include gay sodomy laws, abortion laws, and prohibition. In this chapter, we explore the possible mechanisms by which law can influence attitudes and behavior. To this end, we consider informational and group influence of law on attitudes, as well as the effects of salience, coordination, and social meaning on behavior, and the behavioral backlash that can result from a mismatch between law and community attitudes. Finally, we describe two lines of psychological research - symbolic politics and group identity-that can help explain how people use the law, or the legal system, to effect expressive goals.

The Theft of Anthropology (2009) 🗎🗎

Social anthropology flourished in the 20th century but ethnographic methods and intensifying 'creative destruction' in the elaboration of theory have combined to deflect attention away from earlier concerns with long-term historical change. The 'theft of history' that took place within anthropology refers to this loss, which is not to be confused with healthy interdisciplinary borrowing. With the demise of the evolutionist paradigm and intensifying global connectivity, anthropologists have struggled to find a new balance between empirical ethnographic description, the interpretation of other social worlds, and theoretical explanation. It is not so much that the canon has continued to change but that many practitioners no longer acknowledge any canon. The difficulties are illustrated with a critical discussion of the Anglophone anthropological literature in a field that is novel for the discipline: socialism and its aftermath. The work of Jack Goody has a surprising relevance here; more generally, Goody's oeuvre shows how ethnographic excellence and intellectual originality can be harnessed together to serve a longue duree comparative historical anthropology.

Pedagogy, post-coloniality and care-full encounters in the classroom (2009) 🗎🗎

In this paper, I consider what it means to take up the twin post-colonial commitment to critique and destabilization, and open and 'future-oriented' practices, in the neglected space of the classroom. I make a case for extending how we conceive of our responsibility to this commitment to include the care-full work of interrogating how we encourage students in developing fresh ways of relating to difference and inequality. Care embraces responsibility yet it usefully forces attention to the mediation and embeddedness of responsible relations in the interpersonal contact zones of the classroom. In its cautionary meaning, care also brings to questions of responsibility a carefulness, which alerts us to the difficulties of exercising Such an engaged and indeterminate pedagogy in an institutional setting driven by the norms of assessment, benchmarking statements, disciplinary expectations and the conventions of academic discourse. It draws attention further to the potentially un-caring consequences of framing post-colonial commitments through intersubjective categories of self-other. In this paper I reflect on my own experiences teaching a level three module on the post-colonial Caribbean and, in particular, my use of fiction as a way to initiate more responsive and open-ended encounters with Caribbean peoples and places. I highlight some of the opportunities created by the use of different forms of writing but also the institutional and discursive constraints, including my own mediation of the texts and student expectations, which persistently threaten to settle and reclaim evidence of destabilisation and newness. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Revisiting the model of creative destruction: St. Jacobs, Ontario, a decade later (2009) 🗎🗎

Ten years ago, the model of creative destruction was developed to predict the fate of communities that base their development on the commodification of rural heritage (Mitchell, C.J.A., 1998. Entrepreneurialism, commodification and creative destruction: a model of post-modern community development. journal of Rural Studies 14, 273-286). Its application to the village of St. Jacobs, Canada, demonstrated that entrepreneurial investment had fostered the creation of a setting for aestheticized consumption. In this paper we demonstrate that creative destruction has continued to unfold in the village over the course of the past decade. The evolutionary path taken is assessed in light of current literature on rural space. It is concluded that to fully understand the transformative process, one must integrate the demands of myriad sub-cultures, whose social relations, ideologies and actions will contribute to the development of a contested landscape of consumption. This finding necessitates that modifications be made to the model and its various stages. The most significant is recognition that the "heritage-scape" is an interim state of landscape change; one that displaces the productivist landscape of the industrial period, and precedes the creation of the "neo-productivist" leisure-scape of post-industrialism. Whether or not such a "final" state is achieved is dictated by the power struggle that inevitably arises amongst sub-cultures engaged in the transformation of rural space. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Memories of the Tropics in Industrial Jungles: Constructing Nature, Contesting Nature (2009) 🗎🗎

This essay examines zoos as a site of struggle in the construction of meanings and memories of human-nature relations. Modern zoos are symbols of imperial power and celebrations of the domination of nature. The grafting of "tropic worlds'' onto these monuments of modernity renders the meaning of zoos more ambiguous, reflecting discursive struggles over the meaning of nature, questions about the wisdom of development and progress, recognition of the need for conservation and preservation, and nostalgia for a nature that has been lost. Through a close textual reading of "The Rainforest'' at the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, this essay explores the simulation of nature in zoos and "tropic worlds'' in North American cities. These hyperreal spaces contain an extraordinary amount of the history and politics of the culture that constructs them for fascination, edification, conservation, commodification, and salvation. At stake in these simulated natures is not only the constructions of nature as spectacle and animals as commodities, but also the use of knowledge to maintain certain forms of domination and the "writing'' of industrial culture's historical memory of nature and human-nature relations.

How Minorities Prevail: The Context/Comparison-Leniency Contract Model (2009) 🗎🗎

The pioneering efforts of Moscovici in the late 1960s motivated social psychologists to understand how minority groups affected the majority, and conversely, how the majority affected the minority. The underlying processes of influence have been found to be quite different, and understanding their operation provides insight into the processes of social influence, persuasion, and intragroup conflict and cooperation. This review tracks some of the development of this progression and details some contributions to understanding fundamental features of the influence process that have been uncovered as a result of this work. We consider major explanatory models, with particular emphasis on Crano's (2001) context/comparison model, and its allied leniency contract, a comprehensive account of the conditions that prevail when majorities and minorities wield influence. Finally, how this work informs important processes of influence in the world outside the laboratory are discussed.

Innovation, rule breaking and the ethics of entrepreneurship (2009) 🗎🗎

This article examines a feature of the ethics of entrepreneurship that is infrequently directly discussed, viz., rule breaking. Entrepreneurs are widely said to engage in rule breaking. Many examples of this appear in popular and academic literature. But how may this be integrated into an account of the ethics of entrepreneurship? One response would be that when entrepreneurs break legal and moral rules then what they do is wrong and ought to be condemned. There is a great deal to be said for this rule model of entrepreneurial ethics. However, this view is also mistaken. Instead, this article defends a virtue-based account of the ethics of entrepreneurship in which certain instances of rule breaking, even if morally wrong, are nevertheless ethically acceptable and part of the creative destruction that entrepreneurs bring not only to the economy but also to morality. (C) 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Re-Reading the Past: Monuments, History and Representation in Short Stories by Ivan Vladislavic and Zoe Wicomb (2010) 🗎🗎

As representations of particular moments in history, monuments provide useful indices for processes of remembering and forgetting that accompany 'regime change'. Their paradoxical representational instability and their exposure to multiple readings and counter-readings over time make monuments fascinating material for literary investigations of the unstable nature of representation itself. Both Ivan Vladislavic and Zoe Wicomb have used the trope of monuments in their short stories, enabling them to explore acts of reading that reveal a spectrum of interpretations, often ironically resistant to the authorised version of history being celebrated. This article argues that, in drawing attention to these particular cultural constructions, both writers are also underscoring the ironies inherent in the inability of cultural forms to 'fix' either the past or the present, particularly in transitional historical moments.

Wayward agents, dominant elite, or reflection of internal diversity? A critique of Folkman, Froud, Johal and Williams on financialisation and financial intermediaries (2010) 🗎🗎

Based on their earlier work on managerial capitalism and the literature on financialisation, P. Folkman, J. Froud, S. Johal, and K. Williams (2007, 'Working for themselves: Financial intermediaries and present day capitalism', Business History, 49(4), 552-572) argue that the rise of capital market intermediaries has both eroded traditional managerial power, and constitutes a powerful interest grouping with a distinct agenda that has a vested interest in permanent corporate restructuring and redistribution away from traditional stakeholders in the firm and, ultimately, shareholders as well. This paper critically evaluates these assumptions and conclusions. It specifically critiques the underlying assumptions of the Folkman et al. paper, and explores its relevance to understanding the changing relationship between stakeholders, and, indeed, the 2008 financial crisis.

Embedded choices (2010) 🗎🗎

In this article, we present a contextually embedded choice theory. Using concepts and tools of poset mathematics, we show how to include in rational choice theory cultural and social effects. Specifically, we define some choice superstructures, seen as choice set transformations imposed by cultural and social norms. As we shall argue, these transformations can be of help to explain choice behavior within different contexts. Moreover, we show that, once choice superstructures are taken into account, some well-known results about maximizing and optimizing behavior are easily confirmed and some insights on intransitive choices may be phased out.

"It's New But Not That New": On the Continued Use of Old Marx (2010) 🗎🗎

This essay reviews Skeggs' and Wilson's papers in this issue of Feminist Legal Studies in terms of their development of, and departure from, ideas central to the Italian post-Marxist, post-workerist tradition; specifically their understanding that capital is increasingly converging with the production and reproduction of social life itself. I interrogate the assumed necessity to move beyond 'the limitations of Marx' by revealing, via the Communist Manifesto, Grundrisse and Capital, how the ideas of 'old' Marx can offer important engagements and interlocutions with the 'new' empirical phenomena explored by Skeggs and Wilson. I show how Marx's notion of creative destruction is in tune with Wilson's work on the erotic generativity of capitalism, and how his observations on labour-time as the measure of value illuminate the exchange and circulation of Wife Swap. Finally, I suggest that we might be wary not to lose sight of the question of resistance by regarding immaterial labour as productive labour, and thus relinquishing Marx's conceptual tools of labour, value and capital.

Creative Destruction, Economic Insecurity, Stress, and Epidemic Obesity (2010) 🗎🗎

P>The percentage of Americans who are obese has doubled since 1980. Most attempts to explain this "obesity epidemic" have been found inadequate, including the "Big Two" (the increased availability of inexpensive food and the decline of physical exertion). This article explores the possibility that the obesity epidemic is substantially due to growing insecurity, stress, and a sense of powerlessness in modern society where high-sugar and high-fat foods are increasingly omnipresent. Those suffering these conditions may suffer less control over other domains of their lives. Insecurity and stress have been found to increase the desire for high-fat and high-sugar foods. After exploring the evidence of a link between stress and obesity, the increasing pace of capitalism's creative destruction and its generation of greater insecurity and stress are addressed. The article ends with reflections on how epidemic obesity is symptomatic of a social mistake-the seeking of maximum efficiency and economic growth even in societies where the fundamental problem of material security has been solved. I confess I am not charmed with the ideal of life held out by those who think that the normal state of human beings is that of struggling to get on; that the trampling, crushing, elbowing, and treading on each other's heels, which form the existing type of social life, are the most desirable lot of humankind, or anything but the disagreeable symptoms of one of the phases of industrial progress. (Mill 1848: 748) Thus we have been expressly evolved by nature-with all our impulses and deepest instincts-for the purpose of solving the economic problem ["the struggle for subsistence"]. If the economic problem is solved, mankind will be deprived of its traditional purpose . . . Will this be a benefit? If one believes at all in the real values of life, the prospect at least opens up the possibility of benefit. Yet I think with dread of the readjustment of the habits and instincts of the ordinary man, bred into him for countless generations, which he may be asked to discard within a few decades. (Keynes 1932: 366).

Social order, education and democracy in Nigeria: Some unresolved questions (2010) 🗎🗎

The democratization drive in contemporary Nigeria is undoubtedly, a serious project. Education of the citizenry is pivotal in this process. To be more succinct, the efficacy of democratization drive, including its sustainability, is unquestionably dependent on the enabling capacity provided by education. It is this enormous potential of education that makes it prone to manipulation by powerful forces to serve vested interest - a trend that is increasingly being reinforced in contemporary times. This trend calls for proper analysis, about which efforts have been made. However, the tendency is for most analyses on education and democracy to be rendered in a manner that ignores the character of social order, which affects and is affected by education and democracy. This paper is a departure from this trend. Orthodoxy is challenged by showing the nexus and interface between social order, education and democracy in Nigeria. It is argued that, in the final analysis, the social order, more than anything else, determines the kind of education and democracy a society gets. With a focus on Nigeria, the paper raises some questions begging for answers: Is the provision and acquisition of education a neutral issue? Is the status quo, in terms of content and direction of education, appropriate for our purpose? To what use have powerful social and political forces put education; for meaningful and sustainable democracy or self-serving class end? These and other questions forms part of the unresolved questions this paper attempts to deal with.

Clockpunk Anthropology and the Ruins of Modernity (2010) 🗎🗎

This essay identifies the potential of an emerging archaeological turn for anthropology-and for archaeology itself. I argue that despite the critiques of the past two decades, the temporality of modernity and a belief in its exceptionalism still structure much of anthropological thought, as exemplified in the division of archaeology and ethnography and in the subfield of historical archaeology and its dystopic treatment of modern urban ruins. But alternative temporalities and analytical possibilities are also emerging, ones attentive to the folding and recycling of cultural elements that Walter Benjamin described with such philosophical depth. On the ground, Benjamin's insights can be put to use by paying greater attention to the spatiotemporal dynamics of capitalism's creative destruction, to the social life of ruins, and to projects that challenge the linear divide between modernity and antiquity. Releasing anthropology from progressive time necessarily entails a reintegration of the subfields and a direct engagement with recent ruins.

The second modern condition? Compressed modernity as internalized reflexive cosmopolitization (2010) 🗎🗎

Compressed modernity is a civilizational condition in which economic, political, social and/or cultural changes occur in an extremely condensed manner in respect to both time and space, and in which the dynamic coexistence of mutually disparate historical and social elements leads to the construction and reconstruction of a highly complex and fluid social system. During what Beck considers the second modern stage of humanity, every society reflexively internalizes cosmopolitanized risks. Societies (or their civilizational conditions) are thereby being internalized into each other, making compressed modernity a universal feature of contemporary societies. This paper theoretically discusses compressed modernity as nationally ramified from reflexive cosmopolitization, and, then, comparatively illustrates varying instances of compressed modernity in advanced capitalist societies, un(der)developed capitalist societies, and system transition societies. In lieu of a conclusion, I point out the declining status of national societies as the dominant unit of (compressed) modernity and the interactive acceleration of compressed modernity among different levels of human life ranging from individuals to the global community.

Contingent Intellectual Amateurism, or, the Problem With Evidence-Based Research (2010) 🗎🗎

Given the amalgam of neo-liberal, neo-scientist and neo-conservative forces that frame higher education-safeguarding science and medicine at the expense of arts, humanities and the social sciences-the very existence and continuance of the sociology of sport is imperiled perhaps more than ever. In this moment, and not surprisingly, the epistemological corroborator of these forces is once again championed; there has been an aggressive push towards 'science' defined by evidence based programmes, policies and practices (EBR) as the sole and legitimate avenue for academic survival. Heralded as the 'gold' standard of academic research, and forged through university-industry-government partnerships, the evidence based research mantra emphasizes a shift towards corporate principles of efficiency, accountability and profit maximization. As such, within this paper, we discuss the creeping EBR-based epistemological orthodoxy that is seeping into the critical sociological study of sport, arguing that it threatens to neuter the political and critical potentialities of our field. We propose that pandering to EBR, compromises everything that critical sporting intellectuals strive for and believe in; it is a powerful virus of sorts that speaks against our ontological, axiological, epistemological, methodological and political approaches and offers nothing but collusion with, and explicit support for, existing regimes of power.

Making difference - on migration, work and gender in Swedish forestry villages, 1950-1975 (2010) 🗎🗎

The article presents an analysis of the historical situation that arose when a relatively large number of migrant forest workers from Finland were offered permanent jobs and modern accommodation by a department of Svenska Cellulosa Aktiebolaget ('Swedish Cellulose Ltd.', or SCA) in the period 1950-1975. The aim here is to problematise the use of categories in intersectional studies, and to evaluate a working method that derives from individuals' own processes of differentiation. Two principal questions are addressed. What line should be taken on the use of categories in intersectional analysis? How best to use dialogic listening as the method in an open analysis of the subjectification processes? People relate to their classification, and their agency can also influence the categories to which they are ascribed. Yet as long as research acknowledges only one possible path of influence, from category to categorised, there is little chance it will recognise the significance the categorised might have for any changes to the categories. In order to study this process, I have gauged the success of a working method in which the construal of categorisation and differentiation is analysed on an individual level, using a close reading of narrated experience. This means exploring the space between named and naming in the creation of categories; analysing the oppression to which categorisations such as woman, working-class, and ethnic or national affiliation contribute, as previous research has shown; but above all by listening to how individuals 'make' themselves in relation to these social categories. With a point of departure in post-structuralism, the question becomes how the subjectification is made with respect to the subject-positions available in other words, what it is possible to be within the limitations of the dominant discourse in the hope of being able to trace gaps, additions, and negotiations in these processes. In order to study the question of bottom-up change of this kind, it is essential the subjectification is not thought wholly predictable or fixed. In the article an attempt is made to capture the interplay between position and identification; to capture the expression of enduring inequalities as well as openings for alternative differences and people's 'own' voices. In this sense the intersectional analysis is the result of an open search for processes of differentiation, partly aimed at reading history 'forwards', partly at analysing dominant discourses without reproducing them. It then becomes possible to identify the destabilisation of the discourses and the decentring of the subject. By countenancing a variety of answers to our interpellations, and by listening for answers to unspoken questions, we can restore as far as possible the right of self-description to those who rarely occupy a position from which to speak. If the researcher actively listens out for the categories used, their content, and the ways they are made significant in everyday parlance and narrated experiences, we can obtain the key to a broader, more inclusive, and perhaps even renewed narrative of the past. Conversely, a different spatial and temporal context - the Norrland forests of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s - can offer a certain distance to the present, with its conflicts born of identity politics, and thus contribute to a development of the intersectional perspective's theoretical and methodological potential.

On the Evolutionary Bases of Consumer Reinforcement (2010) 🗎🗎

This article locates consumer behavior analysis within the modern neo-Darwinian synthesis, seeking to establish an interface between the ultimate-level theorizing of human evolutionary psychology and the proximate level of inquiry typically favored by operant learning theorists. Following an initial overview of the central tenets of neo-Darwinism, the article draws upon the evolutionary psychology literature on consumption in order to reinterpret utilitarian and informational reinforcement, exploring the ways in which current consumer learning may be shaped by past natural and sexual selection pressures within contexts as diverse as food choice, preference for popular music genres, and conspicuous consumption activities.

A Mathematical Model of Sentimental Dynamics Accounting for Marital Dissolution (2010) 🗎🗎

Background: Marital dissolution is ubiquitous in western societies. It poses major scientific and sociological problems both in theoretical and therapeutic terms. Scholars and therapists agree on the existence of a sort of second law of thermodynamics for sentimental relationships. Effort is required to sustain them. Love is not enough. Methodology/Principal Findings: Building on a simple version of the second law we use optimal control theory as a novel approach to model sentimental dynamics. Our analysis is consistent with sociological data. We show that, when both partners have similar emotional attributes, there is an optimal effort policy yielding a durable happy union. This policy is prey to structural destabilization resulting from a combination of two factors: there is an effort gap because the optimal policy always entails discomfort and there is a tendency to lower effort to non-sustaining levels due to the instability of the dynamics. Conclusions/Significance: These mathematical facts implied by the model unveil an underlying mechanism that may explain couple disruption in real scenarios. Within this framework the apparent paradox that a union consistently planned to last forever will probably break up is explained as a mechanistic consequence of the second law.

The Missing Link Between the Theory and Empirics of Path Dependence: Conceptual Clarification, Testability Issue, and Methodological Implications (2010) 🗎🗎

P>Path dependence is a central construct in organizational research, used to describe a mechanism that connects the past and the future in an abstract way. However, across institutional, technology, and strategy literatures, it remains unclear why path dependence sometimes occurs and sometimes not, why it sometimes lead to inefficient outcomes and sometimes not, how it differs from mere increasing returns, and how scholars can empirically support their claims on path dependence. Hence, path dependence is not yet a theory since it does not causally relate identified variables in a systematized manner. Instead, the existing literature tends to conflate path dependence as a process (i.e. history unfolding in a self-reinforcing manner) and as an outcome (i.e. a persisting state of the world with specific properties, called 'lock-in'). This paper contributes theoretically and methodologically to tackling these issues by: (1) providing a formal definition of path dependence that disentangles process and outcome, and identifies the necessary conditions for path dependence; (2) distinguishing clearly between path dependence and other 'history matters' kinds of mechanisms; and (3) specifying the missing link between theoretical and empirical path dependence. In particular, we suggest moving away from historical case studies of supposedly path-dependent processes to focus on more controlled research designs such as simulations, experiments, and counterfactual investigation.

On drifting rules and standards (2010) 🗎🗎

Rules and standards are considered to be of vital importance for the functioning not only of organizations but of societies as well. The difficulties and paradoxes associated with the concept of rules and rule-following are analyzed much more frequently in the context of philosophy than of social science. In this paper, I will draw on the writings of Wittgenstein and Derrida to examine four particular characteristics of rules and standards: first, the dependence of their validity and meaning on the practice of rule-following. Second, properties that have led me to describe them as pharmaka in Derrida's (1997) sense, which means medicine or poison and possibly illicit drugs. Third, their dependence on the possibility of rule-breaking, and fourth, their being inevitably subject to drift, which is beneficial in many cases but dangerous in others. I will argue that the drift of rules and standards becomes increasingly dangerous when more processes become path dependent. This paper examines four cases as examples of dangerous drifts in the context of organizations: the drift of environmental standards, the Challenger disaster, a friendly fire case in northern Iraq, and Michael Power's "audit explosion." (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Rethinking (New) Economic Geography Models: Taking Geography and History More Seriously (2010) 🗎🗎

Two aspects of New Economic Geography models are often singled out for criticism, especially by geographers: the treatment of geography, typically as a pre-given, fixed and highly idealized abstract geometric space; and the treatment of history, typically as 'logical' time (the movement to equilibrium in a model's solution space) rather than real history. In this paper we examine the basis for these criticisms, and explore how far and in what ways NEG models might be made more credible with respect to their representation of geography and history, and particularly whether and to what extent the work of geographers themselves provides some insights in this regard. We argue that the conceptualization of space and time is in fact a challenge for both NEG theorists and economic geographers, and that, notwithstanding their ontological and epistemological differences, both groups would benefit from an interchange of ideas on this front.

Why are we growth-addicted? The hard way towards degrowth in the involutionary western development path (2010) 🗎🗎

By questioning the origins of the inertia facing the degrowth movement, this contribution identifies property as the constitutive institution of capitalism, and property expansion as the dominant socioeconomic process leading world societies to economic path dependence, techno-institutional lock-in and eco-social impasse. Demonstrating why and how property-based economic rationality subordinates ecological and social considerations to capitalist requirements, this paper stresses both the need for an inversion in the hierarchy of social norms and the systemic opposition to such an inversion, which emanates from the capitalist/industrial expansion. The text also brings to light some disregarded processes underlying the current economic crisis, by pointing out the institutional and technological locked-in situation into which the western development path has led our societies. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Reversals of fortune: path dependency, problem solving, and temporal cases (2010) 🗎🗎

Historical reversals highlight a basic methodological problem: is it possible to treat two successive periods both as independent cases to compare for causal analysis and as parts of a single historical sequence? I argue that one strategy for doing so, using models of path dependency, imposes serious limits on explanation. An alternative model which treats successive periods as contrasting solutions for recurrent problems offers two advantages. First, it more effectively combines analytical comparisons of different periods with narratives of causal sequences spanning two or more periods. Second, it better integrates scholarly accounts of historical reversals with actors' own narratives of the past.

METROPOLITAN CONTEXT AND RACIAL/ETHNIC INTERMIXING IN RESIDENTIAL SPACE: US METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS, 1990-2000 (2010) 🗎🗎

This study is concerned with racial/ethnic intermixing as it varies among the 49 largest U. S. MSAs in 2000 and its change over the 1990-2000 decade. Race/ethnicity is defined in terms of the major census categories of African American, American Indian, Asian, Caucasian, and Hispanic. Intermixing is calibrated by the Theil Entropy Index, which treats the five groups simultaneously and produces measures of an MSA's diversity (Diversity Score) and its level of intermixing (Entropy). The latter (Entropy) also serves as a dependent variable in regression analyses, wherein independent variables include demographic, socio-economic, and built-environment characteristics. The study departs from earlier work at the urban system level in a number of ways. First, MSAs are treated as objects of study in their own right, not simply as observational units. Second, this leads to challenging the usual practice of employing a 1/0 dummy variable to indicate the region in which an MSA is located, a practice that interferes with the emergence of other, more place-specific factors. Third, earlier studies mainly examine metropolitan areas from the perspective of two-group comparisons, rather than the multi-group comparison approach taken here. Fourth, in a major conceptual departure from earlier work, we contextualize racial/ethnic mixing and its 1990-2000 change within broader forces of economic restructuring related to the Fordist/Post-Fordist transition and broad transformational processes that invoke such concepts as inertia, sunk cost, and path dependence effects. Especially noteworthy in our findings is that MSAs that lagged in racial/ethnic intermixing in 1990 experienced the greatest change in the 1990-2000 decade, a catch-up phenomenon that we attribute to a set of widely shared norms concerning intermixing-termed the community, or social, norm premise.

Refutation of Kira & van Eijnatten's Critique of the Emery's Open Systems Theory (2010) 🗎🗎

This paper refutes the paper "Socially sustainable work organizations: a chaordic systems approach" by Mari Kira & Frans van Eijnatten. These authors make some serious criticisms of sociotechnical systems theory but in so doing misrepresent the work of Fred and Merrelyn Emery, two of the main developers of sociotechnical systems and open systems theory more generally. Each of their criticisms is contrasted with the original work of the Emerys and their colleagues. Kira & van Eijnatten also claim that sociotechnical systems theory and practice cannot achieve many of the great benefits to be expected from their own chaordic approach. Again the abundant evidence shows that their claims and criticisms lack credibility. Copyright (C) 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Everyday spaces of mental distress: the spatial habituation of home (2010) 🗎🗎

Theorising psychological activity as a spatial product appears a logical extension of moves in social theory to emphasise the role of space and place in the consideration of experience. Catalysed by turns in social and human geographies to highlight the role of space and location in constituting psychological activity, various forms of the 'spatialisation of experience' have emerged. In this paper I will follow this theoretical direction in relation to the underlying destabilisation of everyday life that emerges as a product of theoretical formations that emphasise the fluidity of space. More specifically, I will take the example of the home as a central space in the ongoing activity of people with enduring mental distress. Forging a theoretical line that takes in geographies of mental health, the home, and finally, Gilles Deleuze's work on 'repetition' and 'habit', I will analyse the role of home spaces in everyday life. Key here is a concern regarding the impact of theoretical emphases on continuity, mobility, and instability on understandings of the everyday lives of mental health service users. This includes addressing conceptualisations of the home space alongside the activities of the people who occupy, and hence co-make, such spaces. The article concludes by framing 'spatial habituation' of the everyday as central to creating a perceivable stability, analysis of which can aid understanding of the challenges facing people suffering with mental distress.

STICKY INTUITIONS AND THE FUTURE OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION DISCRIMINATION (2010) 🗎🗎

As once-accepted empirical justifications for discriminating against lesbians and gay men have fallen away, the major stumbling block to equality lies in a set of intuitions, impulses, and so-called common sense views regarding sexual orientation and gender. This Article takes up these impulses and views, which I characterize as "sticky intuitions," to consider both their sustained influence and the prospects for their destabilization. In this effort, I first offer a framework for locating the intuitions' work within contemporary doctrine, culture, and politics. I then advance an extended typology of the intuitions themselves, drawing from case law, scholarly literature, and public discourse. Although the individual intuitions will not surprise those familiar with the field, their amalgamation into a typology sheds light on their synergies as well as the complex nature of their influence. After describing these entangled intuitions, I offer several provisional observations regarding intuitions' influence on lawmaking generally. I then raise what is likely to be a critical question going forward: In an era in which courts and legislatures continue to sustain sexual orientation discrimination, despite empirical data negating any legitimate basis for the embraced distinctions, how much candor ought there be in challenges to judicial and public squeamishness about homosexuality and gender roles? Cognitive theorists offer helpful insights, although operationalizing what we know about altering intuitions may be particularly difficult in the litigation context. Still, there are a number of options that warrant continued consideration by both theorists and strategists in the field.

Anxiety as social practice (2010) 🗎🗎

This paper advances a theory of anxiety as social practice. Distinguishing between individual anxieties and anxiety as a social condition, the paper suggests that anxiety has not been subject to the same level of theoretical scrutiny as related concepts such as risk, trust, or fear. Drawing on the existential philosophy of Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, and Heidegger, the paper shows how contemporary anxieties involve the recognition of our own mortality and the destabilisation of established systems of meaning. The paper then turns to practice theory to show how social anxieties can be understood as events that rupture the fabric of everyday life, creating specific subjects and objects, 'framed' by different communities of practice, and becoming institutionalised to varying degrees. Focusing on a range of food-related anxieties, the paper explores the geographical and historical constitution of social anxiety, examining the process of anxiety formation and the factors that inhibit or enhance its social and spatial diffusion.

Why We Cooperate (2010) 🗎🗎

In Why We Cooperate (2009), Tomasello addresses the problem of human uniqueness, which has become the focus for a lot of recent research at the frontier between the Humanities and the Life Sciences. Being both a developmental psychologist and a primatologist, Tomasello is especially well suited to tackle the subject, and the present book is the most recent one in a series of books and papers by himself and his colleagues (see below). Tomasello's basic position is squarely a dual-inheritance account, in which human uniqueness is explained both through genetics and through culture (in other words, both through natural and through cultural evolution). The main idea is that the phylogenetic specificity of humankind rests in its species-specific adaptation for sociability. The account offered by Tomasello contrasts human cooperation and altruism with nonhuman primate competition, and proposes that human altruism leads to shared intentionality (the ability to share attention to a third object and, more generally, to share beliefs and intentions). The evolutionary explanation Tomasello offers is that human ancestors were led through some kind of selection pressure to common foraging leading to collaboration and sharing. After outlining Tomasello's position as it is described in the book, as well as the comments by Dweck, Spelke, Silk, and Skyrms which follow, I discuss Tomasello's thesis, noting a few problems with his approach. These criticisms are based on his own work and on a number of his own other books and papers, as well as on other relevant work in the domain.

While Waiting for Nature to Take Her Course: There's Nothing So Practical as a Good ... Design (2011) 🗎🗎

In this essay, I first describe some examples of curiosity-based, basic research inspired by Lewin's famous dictum that there is nothing so practical as a good ... theory. Then, I describe several examples of recent intervention studies that leverage basic research to make the world a better place. Next, in the spirit of Lewin, I suggest that there is nothing so practical as a good ... design-and describe "state of the art" quasi-experimental designs to evaluate tobacco control policies and suggest the sort of designs one might employ to evaluate smoking prevention programs implemented before kids have even started smoking. Finally, I conclude by suggesting the need to change our academic culture to encourage more emphasis on mobilizing the knowledge we obtain from our research.

What is argument for? An adaptationist approach to argument and debate (2011) 🗎🗎

A consideration of selection pressures on the psychology of argument suggests that fixing the truth value of claims is not the primary criterion for argument generation or evaluation. Instead, argument psychology is designed to change representations in other minds as a way to negotiate conflicts of interest and as a way to signal social coordination.

Naess's Deep Ecology: Implications for the Human Prospect and Challenges for the Future (2011) 🗎🗎

What sets Naess's deep ecology apart from most inquiries into environmental philosophy is that it does not seek a radical shift in fundamental values. Naess offered a utopian, life-affirming grand narrative, a new Weltanschauung that shifted the focus of inquiry to coupling values, knowledge, understanding, and wisdom to behavior. The core of Naess's approach is that sustainability hinges on developing more thoroughly reasoned and consistent views, policies, and actions, which are tied back to wide-identifying ultimate norms and a rich, well-informed understanding of the state of the planet. But humans can have multiple ultimate norms and these norms sometimes conflict; our neurobiology may not be well-structured for accommodating consequences that are spatially and temporally separated and uncertain; we are governed by bounded rationality; much of human learning results from the passive modeling of unsustainable activities; and our cultures can be maladaptive, creating hurdles and perverse incentives/disincentives that likely demand more than consistent reasoning from wide-identifying ultimate premises. After keenly demonstrating how problem characterization and formulation shape both solution strategies and outcomes, Naess may conceptualize the process of change too narrowly. In the end, deep ecology helps us to shine a brighter searchlight on the gap between our attitudes and our generally unsustainable actions and policies. In doing so it expands the frontier of the unknown, opening more questions. This is its allure, frustration, and promise.

Getting medieval in real time (2011) 🗎🗎

From making it easier to collaborate and share work to making manuscripts available through digital imaging, the emergence of new technologies such as email, digital media, Facebook, and Twitter have radically re-shaped what it means to do academic work. This essay explores the timeliness of these new technologies. Firstly, by 'timeliness' I do mean a sense of fortuitous timing. As an academic with a physical disability, the advent of email and electronic databases full of searchable journal articles could not have been more timely. Without tools like these, pursuing a PhD would have been far more laborious than it already was. But by 'timeliness' I am also asking the following question: How do we describe the time of the academic? Using my personal experiences as a starting point, I consider the intersection of Disability Studies and recent work on time and temporality in order to provide the beginnings of an answer. Rather than conceiving the time of the academic as that of working in solitude in our own pockets of time, I suggest that we consider how the social capabilities of new technologies produce a sense of being-together, of working at the same time.

Scents of Place: The Dysplacement of a First Nations Community in Canada (2011) 🗎🗎

Here I explore how the experience of place at a First Nations reserve in Ontario, located in the middle of Canada's Chemical Valley, is disrupted by the extraordinary levels of pollution found there. In so doing, I give special attention to air pollution and residents responses to associated odorsthat is, to the sense of smell. Focusing on a unique feature of smellthat it operates primarily through indexicalityI draw on C. S. Peirce's semiotic framework to highlight ways in which perception of odors entails embodiment of the perceived substance, thus connecting self and surroundings in profound and transformative ways. Ultimately, I argue that the local smellscape, while having reinforced a sense of positive emplacement on the reserve in the past, is now, because of the constant presence of toxic fumes, instilling in residents a profound sense of alienation from the ancestral landscapea condition I call dysplacement.

Path Dependence and QWERTY's Lock-In: Toward a Veblenian Interpretation (2011) 🗎🗎

In "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY," Paul David challenges an overarching, mainstream assumption that market forces should indeed lead toward efficient and optimal outcomes that include technology selection. David seeks to explain the endurance of technologies that his use of historiography judges inefficient and suboptimal. We challenge David's research, arguing that failure to consider the original institutional economics (OIE) tradition limits his grasp of complex processes to reduced notions of "path dependence" based upon a "lock-in." This inquiry offers an alternative account of QWERTY and technology selection based upon Veblenian thinking, further supported by Paul Dale Bush's emphasis upon the ceremonial.

LANGUAGE EDUCATION AND ELT MATERIALS IN TURKEY FROM THE PATH DEPENDENCE PERSPECTIVE (2011) 🗎🗎

This paper examines the role of traditional language teaching methodology on the current language teaching methodology in Turkey from the Path Dependence Theory perspective. Path Dependence claims that the past continues shaping the present. Similarly, traditional approaches still shape foreign/second language education. Turkey has inherited a foreign language education methodology from the Ottoman Empire. It equates language education with studying formal aspects of a target language and consists of mechanical practice of the isolated formal aspects of a target language at the sentence level. To elaborate on the issue, the 4th and 5th grade English coursebooks are evaluated first and then comments are made with reference to Path Dependence.

The entrepreneur as hero and jester: Enacting the entrepreneurial discourse (2011) 🗎🗎

Employing a social construction perspective, this article argues that entrepreneurs are uniquely empowered by entrepreneurial discourse to bring about creative destruction. Analysis of the representation of entrepreneurship in the media suggests that entrepreneurs have a distinctive presence in society that is shaped by cultural norms and expectations. These images create and present an entrepreneurial identity. Yet identity has two facets: the general, identified as 'what' but also a distinctive individual identity as 'who'. This article explores the identity play of one flamboyant entrepreneur, Michael O'Leary, to show how he deploys the rhetoric and rationality of entrepreneurial discourse, but shapes it through emotional games to establish his unique entrepreneurial identity. It finds strong evidence that entrepreneurs are culturally stereotypical and that this is amplified by the press, but also how O'Leary employs this typification to engage with the rational and emotional, explaining how this is used for strategic advantage.

The Sociology of Knowledge Approach to Discourse (SKAD) (2011) 🗎🗎

The article presents the sociology of knowledge approach to discourse (SKAD). SKAD, which has been in the process of development since the middle of the 1990s, is now a widely used framework among social scientists in discourse research in the German-speaking area. It links arguments from the social constructionist tradition, following Berger and Luckmann, with assumptions based in symbolic interactionism, hermeneutic sociology of knowledge, and the concepts of Michel Foucault. It argues thereby for a consistent theoretical and methodological grounding of a genuine social sciences perspective on discourse interested in the social production, circulation and transformation of knowledge, that is in social relations and politics of knowledge in the so-called 'knowledge societies'. Distancing itself from Critical Discourse Analysis, Linguistics, Ethnomethodology inspired discourse analysis and the Analysis of Hegemonies, following Laclau and Mouffe, SKAD's framework has been built up around research questions and concerns located in the social sciences, referring to public discourse and arenas as well as to more specific fields of (scientific, religious, etc.) discursive struggles and controversies around "problematizations" (Foucault).

Artificially maintained scientific controversies, the construction of maternal choice and caesarean section rates (2011) 🗎🗎

Caesarean section rates are continuing to rise in many countries. This is despite mounting evidence that unnecessarily high rates are associated with adverse health outcomes for mothers and their offspring and create a significant economic burden on health systems. This article draws on Bruno Latour's account of the 'artificially maintained scientific controversy' to explore how professional bodies have managed to resist calls for reform by casting doubt on this evidence. Having undermined the evidence in question, these bodies insist that deference must be paid to maternal choice. However, choice is never problematised and the focus on maternal choice is used as a way of maintaining current practice. Science and technology studies has made us accustomed to being on our guard against unfounded claims to scientific certainty. This article demonstrates that we must also be wary of the opposite phenomenon, namely, of doubt being cast on a credible body of scientific evidence so as to justify inertia. When a narrative of scientific uncertainty is tied to fine sounding but ultimately spurious calls to respect patient autonomy, those with a vested interest in preserving the status quo are armed with a potent device with which to block demands for change. Social Theory & Health (2011) 9, 166-182 doi:10.1057/sth.2010.12; published online 2 February 2011

GIVING VOICE TO THE "VOICELESS" Incorporating nonhuman animal perspectives as journalistic sources (2011) 🗎🗎

As part of journalism's commitment to truth and justice by providing a diversity of relevant points of view, journalists have an obligation to provide the perspective of nonhuman animals in everyday stories that influence the animals' and our lives. This essay provides justification and guidance on why and how this can be accomplished, recommending that, when writing about nonhuman animals or issues, journalists should: (1) observe, listen to, and communicate with animals and convey this information to audiences via detailed descriptions and audiovisual media, (2) interpret nonhuman animal behavior and communication to provide context and meaning, and (3) incorporate the animals' stories and perspectives, and consider what is in their best interest. To fairly balance animal-industry sources and the anthropocentric biases that are traditionally inherent in news requires that journalists select less objectifying language and more appropriate human sources without a vested interest in how animals are used.

Reflections on Path Dependence and Irreversibility: Lessons from Evolutionary Biology (2011) 🗎🗎

This essay examines the claim "path dependence entails irreversibility" from the point of view of evolutionary biology. I argue that evolutionary irreversibility possessesmany faces, sometimes conflicting with path dependence. I propose an account of path dependence that does not rely on irreversibility and explain why it more naturally coexists with the notion of (contingent) irreversibility developed by the Belgian paleontologist Louis Dollo. However, I argue that we should not conceive of this relationship as necessary.

Time Will Tell? Temporality and the Analysis of Causal Mechanisms and Processes (2011) 🗎🗎

Causal inference and the logic of historical explanation are grounded in temporality. Yet the relationship between causal analysis and aspects of temporality, such as duration, tempo, acceleration, and timing, is often less clear. Using examples from analyses of institutional change and postcommunist regime transitions, the author argues that aspects of temporality allow us to predict which causal mechanisms can unfold and to differentiate causal sequences. Explicitly specifying the role of temporality can thus improve scholars' understanding of political mechanisms, sequences, and the processes they constitute.

THE PROBABILITY OF THE IMPROBABLE: SOCIETY-NATURE COEVOLUTION (2011) 🗎🗎

This article aims to show how evolutionary theory, social-metabolism and sociological systems theory can be utilized to develop a concept of societynature coevolution. The article begins with a conception of industrialization as a socio-metabolic transition, that is, a major transformation in the energetic and consequently material basis of society. This transition to industrial metabolism was essential for the emergence and maintenance of industrial societies and is at the same time the main cause of global environmental change. The article proceeds by asking what the notion of societynature coevolution can potentially contribute to understanding environmental sustainability problems. An elaborated concept of coevolution hinges on (1) a more precise and sociologically more meaningful concept of cultural evolution and (2) understanding how cultural evolution is linked to the environment. Next I briefly outline major lines of thought and controversies surrounding the idea of cultural evolution. The direction proposed here commences with an abstract version of Darwinian evolution, which is then re-specified for social systems, understood as communication systems, as developed by Luhmann. The re-specification implies three important changes in the theoretical outline of cultural evolution: first, shifting from the human population to the communication system as the unit of cultural evolution and to single communications as the unit of cultural variation; second, shifting from transmission or inheritance to reproduction as necessary condition for evolution; and third, shifting from purely internal (communicative) forces of selection towards including also environmental selection. Adopting elements from the work of Hagerstrand and Boserup, the primary environmental selective force in cultural evolution is conceptualized as the historically variable constraints in human timespace occupation. In the conclusions I tie the argument back to its beginning, by arguing that the most radical changes in human timespace occupation have been enabled by major socio-metabolic transitions in the energy system.

Taking Evolution Seriously: Historical Institutionalism and Evolutionary Theory (2011) 🗎🗎

Social science in general and political science in particular have been resistant to the mobilization of evolutionary and specifically Darwinian ideas for analytic and explanatory purposes. This paper documents a disconnect between political scientists and standard evolutionary theory Historical institutionalism is identified as a subfield particularly well-suited, but presently ill-equipped, to benefit from evolutionary thinking. Key concepts in evolutionary theory are then used to interpret work by prominent historical institutionalists, illustrate the under-theorized state of historical institutionalism, and suggest the potential of evolutionary theory to greatly enhance the depth, range, and power of that approach. Illustrations are drawn from studies by a range of researchers, including Gellner, Thelen, Erman, Gottshalk, Anthony Marx, and Katznelson. Polity (2011) 43, 179-209. doi:10.1057/pol.2010.26; published online 31 January 2011

Endless forms: human behavioural diversity and evolved universals (2011) 🗎🗎

Human populations have extraordinary capabilities for generating behavioural diversity without corresponding genetic diversity or change. These capabilities and their consequences can be grouped into three categories: strategic (or cognitive), ecological and cultural-evolutionary. Strategic aspects include: (i) a propensity to employ complex conditional strategies, some certainly genetically evolved but others owing to directed invention or to cultural evolution; (ii) situations in which fitness payoffs (or utilities) are frequency-dependent, so that there is no one best strategy; and (iii) the prevalence of multiple equilibria, with history or minor variations in starting conditions (path dependence) playing a crucial role. Ecological aspects refer to the fact that social behaviour and cultural institutions evolve in diverse niches, producing various adaptive radiations and local adaptations. Although environmental change can drive behavioural change, in humans, it is common for behavioural change (especially technological innovation) to drive environmental change (i. e. niche construction). Evolutionary aspects refer to the fact that human capacities for innovation and cultural transmission lead to diversification and cumulative cultural evolution; critical here is institutional design, in which relatively small shifts in incentive structure can produce very different aggregate outcomes. In effect, institutional design can reshape strategic games, bringing us full circle.

Historicity and experimental evolution (2011) 🗎🗎

Biologists in the last 50 years have increasingly emphasized the role of historical contingency in explaining the distribution and dynamics of biological systems. However, recent work in philosophy of biology has shown that historical contingency carries various interpretations and that we are still lacking a general understanding of "historicity," i.e., a framework from which to interpret why and to what extent history matters in biological processes. Building from examples and analyses of the long-term experimental evolution (LTEE) project, this paper argues that historicity possess three essential conditions: (1) multiple possible pasts, (2) multiple possible outcomes at a given instant, and (3) a relationship of causal dependence between these two sets. These criteria can be further specified in two general forms of historicity: dependence on initial conditions and path dependence. More attention is devoted to developing a rigorous account of the latter, which captures the type of historicity displayed by stochastic processes. This paper also highlights that it is often more productive to adopt an instant-relative approach and think in terms of degree of historicity instead of trying to maintain a rigid and absolute dichotomy between historical and ahistorical (completely convergent) processes.

FROM IDEALIST-ENTREPRENEUR TO CORPORATE EXECUTIVE Provincial newspaper editors' and publishers' ways-of-thinking from the mid-1800s to the present (2011) 🗎🗎

This article describes the changes in the management of provincial newspapers in Sweden from the mid-nineteenth century to the present. Five Swedish newspapers form the focus of the study: Barometern (Kalmar), Boras Tidning (Boras), Jonkopings-Posten (Jonkoping), Nya Wermlands-Tidningen (Karlstad) and Sundsvalls Tidning (Sundsvall). The article traces the development of the organizational cultures of the newspapers and the ways-of-thinking that have guided editors and publishers, in particular their ideas of the paper as a business or editorial venture, respectively. The findings indicate that changes in managerial thinking hardly follow a linear development, but are instead characterized by what is known in institutional theory as critical junctures (formative phases) and path dependency. At certain crucial points in a paper's history choices are made that continue to influence the paper's development for many years thereafter. Typically, it is the ways-of-thinking regarding the business aspects of newspaper publishing, the ideas about the newspaper's role in society and the newspapers approach to other political, cultural and social institutions that linger on.

An information perspective on path dependence (2011) 🗎🗎

This paper proposes an information perspective on path dependence. From this perspective, historical paths are important insofar as knowledge about them shapes current decisions, for better or worse. A key consideration is the extent to which relevant information is fully inscribed in the existing configuration of state variables, including organizational structures and institutional norms. Using a chess analogy, path dependency arises whenever a decision maker's 'move' depends not only upon existing state variables, but also knowledge of the path by which this configuration came about. This chess analogy is then extended to various institutional contexts such as legal expungement of criminal records, patient privacy rights, and corporate executive succession strategies. A formal notation is introduced to specify this definition more precisely, and to compare it with other perspectives on path dependency, such as lock-in effects, increasing returns to scale, ergodic equilibria, and generalized notions that 'history matters'.

Organizational Path Dependence: A Process View (2011) 🗎🗎

The structuring and behaviour of organizations is increasingly explained with the help of process theories, taking into account that history and sequencing matter. Among them, the notion of path dependence has gained prominence, in particular when an explanation for the rigidification of organizational routines and strategies is at stake. The distinguishing feature of this concept is its emphasis on self-reinforcing mechanisms when explaining the dynamics of narrowing down the scope of alternative actions in and among organizations. After having presented and discussed the theory of organizational path dependence, the paper highlights commonalities and contrasts between related concepts. Thereafter, the papers of this Special Themed Section will be introduced.

Why Schumpeter has had so little influence on today's main line economics, and why this may be changing (2012) 🗎🗎

While Schumpeter's broad theory of how capitalist economies worked articulated in his Theory of Economic Development received strong attention in his lifetime, it was neoclassical economic theory that took hold of the profession in the last half of the twentieth century, and today few economists even read Schumpeter. The first part of this essay considers the reasons why Schumpeter largely has been ignored. However, recent developments have increased the interests of economists in innovation and in innovation driven economic activity, and the time now may be ripe for a renaissance of Schumpeterian economics. The second part of this essay provides a sketch of what an economics text-book, written from a Schumpeterian perspective, might look like.

A conversation on madness: Foucault and Ripa (2012) 🗎🗎

Written as a fictitious dialogue between two of this generation's most prolific social theorists, this unique analysis explores the similarities and divergences of Michel Foucault's and Yannick Ripa's scholarship on madness. During an imagined meeting at a local cafe, a spirited dialogue emerges addressing mutual agreement and unwavering criticism of each author's perspective of how madness was constructed and managed throughout the classical and Victorian eras. Ripa's primary motive is to challenge Foucault for ignoring the feminine critique within his over-arching theories of social and patriarchal systems of control. On the other hand, Foucault's vested interest is to explore Ripa's narrowed historical scope that he feels was essentially built upon his own scholarship without acknowledgement. Drawing upon a comparative study of Foucault's History of Madness and Ripa's Women and Madness, the two theorists engage in a revealing conversation about aspects of political economy, shifting roles of religious ideology, gender effects, the social construction of insanity, and the historical methods of incarceration.

"Living Cadavers" in Bangladesh: Bioviolence in the Human Organ Bazaar (2012) 🗎🗎

The technology-driven demand for the extraction of human organsmainly kidneys, but also liver lobes and single corneashas created an illegal market in body parts. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, in this article I examine the body bazaar in Bangladesh: in particular, the process of selling organs and the experiences of 33 kidney sellers who are victims of this trade. The sellers narratives reveal how wealthy buyers (both recipients and brokers) tricked Bangladeshi poor into selling their kidneys; in the end, these sellers were brutally deceived and their suffering was extreme. I therefore argue that the current practice of organ commodification is both exploitative and unethical, as organs are removed from the bodies of the poor by inflicting a novel form of bioviolence against them. This bioviolence is deliberately silenced by vested interest groups for their personal gain.[organ trade, kidney seller, bioviolence, suffering, social justice]

Deconstructing place identity? Impacts of a "Racino" on Elora, Ontario, Canada (2012) 🗎🗎

The heritage-scape is a socially constructed place that provides locally crafted products, cuisine, and experiences to satisfy consumers' desire for authenticity. In this paper we question if the introduction of a functionally non-conforming structure causes an existing heritage-based place identity to dismantle (i.e. deconstruct). In 2003, a pari-mutuel racetrack and gaming parlour (a "racino") was introduced to the historic village of Elora, Ontario, Canada. Through content analysis we unravel (i.e. deconstruct) the social processes that lay behind this development. We find that this profit-oriented venue was widely contested by preservation-minded residents, who expressed concern that this structure would compromise Elora's heritage image. Our survey finds, however, that the majority of visitors believe that the Grand River Raceway and Slots has not impacted Elora's existing place-based identity. Key informants further reveal that image management, spatial placement and visual coherence are largely responsible for its maintenance. We conclude that a heritage-based place identity may be retained, and even enhanced, in the presence of a hegemonic discourse that is underlain by a long-standing preservationist ideology. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Leading Generative Groups: A Conceptual Model (2012) 🗎🗎

This article presents a conceptual model of leadership in generative groups. Generative groups have diverse team members who are expected to develop innovative solutions to complex, unstructured problems. The challenge for leaders of generative groups is to balance (a) establishing shared goals with recognizing members' vested interests, (b) maintaining control with empowering members, (c) encouraging exploration with conceptualizing meaning, and (d) taking action with making time for reflection. Propositions suggest how members' metacognitive skills, member diversity, and electronic modes of interaction influence leadership strategies to maintain balance, develop elements of group-level social cognition, and produce generative outcomes. The article concludes with directions for research and practice.

Fit in the Body: Matching Embodied Cognition with Social-Ecological Systems (2012) 🗎🗎

Analysis of fit has focused on the macrolevel fit between social institutions and ecosystems, and bypassed the microlevel fit between individual cognition and its socio-material environment. I argue that the conceptualizations we develop about social-ecological systems and our position in them should be understood as ways for a fundamentally cognitive organism to adapt to particular social and ecological situations. Since at issue is our survival as a species, we need to better understand the structure and dynamics of fit between human cognition and its social-ecological environment. I suggest that the embodied cognition perspective opens up possibilities for "nudging" evolution through the conceptual integration of the cognitively attractive but ecologically unrealistic neoclassical economics, and the cognitively less attractive but ecologically more realistic adaptive cycle theory (panarchy). The result is a conceptually integrated model, the Roller Coaster Blend, which expresses in metaphorical terms why competitive individuals are better off cooperating than competing with each other in the face of absolute resource limits. The blend enables the reframing of messages about the limits of the social-ecological system in terms of growth rather than degrowth. This is cognitively appealing, as upward growth fires in our minds the neural connections of "more," "control", and "happy." The blend's potential for nudging behavior arises from its autopoietic characteristic: it can be both an account of the social-ecological system as an emergent structure that is capable of renewing itself, and a cognitive attractor of individuals whose recruitment reinforces the integrity of the social-ecological system.

Modeling, Measuring, and Distinguishing Path Dependence, Outcome Dependence, and Outcome Independence (2012) 🗎🗎

Path dependence is commonly used to describe processes where "history matters," which encompasses many different kinds of temporal dynamics. This essay distinguishes path-, or equilibrium-, dependent processes where early conditions continue to matter, from outcome-dependent processes where recent history matters and from outcome-independent processes where history does not matter. Others have argued for a precise and restrictive definition of path dependence. We build on this and distinguish among different types of outcome-dependent processes when these conditions for path dependence are not fully satisfied.

Before Schumpeter: forerunners of the theory of the entrepreneur in 1900s German political economya-aWerner Sombart, Friedrich von Wieser (2012) 🗎🗎

The paper aims at questioning the conceptual connection between Schumpeter, Sombart and Wieser on entrepreneurship. Using Schumpeter to come back before Schumpeter, we show which views these authors share on the character of the entrepreneur, the role of the entrepreneurial function in the economic process and the evolution of that notion up until the stage of developed capitalism (Hochkapitalismus). Thus, the entrepreneur appears as a key-stone for building capitalism. Finally, we indeed sketch the spirit of entrepreneurship as it emerges from the entrepreneurial function.

NORMATIVE RESISTANCE AND INVENTIVE PRAGMATISM: Negotiating Structure and Agency in Transgender Families (2012) 🗎🗎

Transgender individuals and families throw existing taxonomic classification systems of identity into perplexing disarray, illuminating sociolegal dilemmas long overdue for critical sociological inquiry. Using interview data collected from 50 cisgender women from across (primarily) the United States and Canada, who detail 61 unique partnerships with transgender and transsexual men, this work considers the pragmatic choices and choice-making capacities (or "agency") of this social group as embedded within social systems, structures, and institutions. Proposing the analytic constructs of "normative resistance" and "inventive pragmatism" to situate the interactional processes between agency and structure in the everyday lives of this understudied group of cisgender women, this work theorizes the liminal sociolegal status of an understudied family form. In so doing, it exposes the increasingly paradoxical consolidation and destabilization of sociolegal notions of identity, marriage, normativity, and parenthood-challenging, contributing to, and extending current theoretical and empirical understandings of agency and structure in twenty-first-century families.

'It's all about relationships': Hesitation, friendship and pedagogical assemblage (2012) 🗎🗎

This paper examines the relationships between hesitation, friendship and pedagogy. It develops three main arguments: (a) first, that feelings of hesitation can unsettle our self-assurance in what we know, activating new problematics; (b) second, that this unsettling may become pedagogical under certain conditions; and (c) third, that friendship provides such conditions, potentially spurring creative processes of thought and learning. In response to secondary school teachers' claims about their teaching and relationships with students, the paper employs hesitation as a methodological strategy for thinking beyond established understandings about pedagogy. The concept of pedagogy as assemblage is elaborated, drawing on the work of Deleuze and Guattari, and friendship is then conceived as a joyous encounter and mode of intellectual hospitality. These concepts enable description of the affective contexts in which the destabilisation of knowledge about ourselves and our worlds might provoke learning, in response to problems that are newly sensed in hesitation.

QUEER PEDAGOGY: EDUCATIVE RESISTANCE AND SUBVERSIONS (2012) 🗎🗎

In the present text the contributions of the queer theory in the speeches and pedagogical practices are reviewed. The analysis is centred in theme of destabilization of the heteronormativity and normality, the speeches on the body and the paradoxes of the weakening of the political identities. On the other hand, these issues bring some questions on the possibility/impossibility of pedagogy to move away from normalizations judgments, aiming at a deseclucation of the practices or an opening of the same idea of which it is the education, specially in its joint with the experience and the event. Finally the analysis points to the possibility of the application of the queer theory to the dimension of the disability and the field of the radical corporal difference. The body appears here like the power station for the subversion and resistance of the same idea of normality. Specifically, this resistance is incarnated in the recovery of the symbolic dimension of the body.

Further Adventures in the Case against Restoration (2012) 🗎🗎

Ecological restoration has been a topic for philosophical criticism for three decades. In this essay, I present a discussion of the arguments against ecological restoration and the objections raised against my position. I have two purposes in mind: (1) to defend my views against my critics, and (2) to demonstrate that the debate over restoration reveals fundamental ideas about the meaning of nature, ideas that are necessary for the existence of any substantive environmentalism. I discuss the possibility of positive restorations, the idea that nature can restore itself, the meaning of artifacts, and the significance of the distinction between humanity and nature.

The origins of meso economics Schumpeter's legacy and beyond (2012) 🗎🗎

The paper starts from Schumpeter's proposition that entrepreneurs carry out innovations (the micro level), that swarms of followers imitate them (meso) and that, as a consequence, 'creative destruction' leads to economic development 'from within' (macro). It is argued that Schumpeter's approach can be developed into a new-more general-micro-meso-macro framework in economics. Center stage is meso. Its essential characteristic is bimodality, meaning that one idea (the generic rule) can be physically actualized by many agents (a population). Ideas can relate to others, and, in this way, meso constitutes a structure component of a 'deep' invisible macro structure. Equally, the rule actualization process unfolds over time-modelled in the paper as a meso trajectory with three phases of rule origination, selective adoption and retention-and here meso represents a process component of a visible 'surface' structure. The macro measure with a view to the appropriateness of meso components is generic correspondence. At the level of ideas, its measure is order; at that of actual relative adoption frequencies, it is generic equilibrium. Economic development occurs at the deep level as transition from one generic rule to another, inducing a change of order, and, at the surface level, as the new rule is adopted, destroying an old equilibrium and establishing a new one.

Agonism and the Possibilities of Ethics for HRM (2012) 🗎🗎

This paper provides a critique and re-evaluation of the way that ethics is understood and promoted within mainstream Human Resource Management (HRM) discourse. We argue that the ethics located within this discourse focuses on bolstering the relevance of HRM as a key contributor to organizational strategy, enhancing an organization's sense of moral legitimacy and augmenting organizational control over employee behaviour and subjectivity. We question this discourse in that it subordinates the ethics of the employment relationship to managerial prerogative. In response, we suggest a different model of the relationship between ethics and HRM-one that finds the possibility of ethics in the contestation and destabilization of HRM. Such ethics arises through resistance to moral normalization and the constraint of freedom and difference. The contribution of our paper is in theorising the possibilities of a relationship between ethics and HRM that does not place HRM at its centre, as chief intermediary of the ethics of the employment relationship, but rather sees HRM as being a powerful player in a set of what Mouffe calls 'agonistic' socio-ethical relations.

(Re)Placing Path Dependence: A Response to the Debate (2012) 🗎🗎

My aim in this contribution is to respond to the three preceding critiques of my Roepke Lecture on Rethinking Regional Path Dependence: Beyond Lock-in to Evolution. Each critique raises some pertinent and challenging issues: specifically that Marxist regional political economy is a more powerful perspective with which to take history seriously; that I should have given due recognition to the idea of punctuated evolution; and that my attempt to revise and extend the concept of path dependence has ontological problems. I welcome these commentaries, as they contribute to the very debate that my Roepke Lecture was intended to initiate. But I argue that these critiques are themselves contestable, and that none of them undermines the main thrust of that lecture. My aim in the latter was to suggest that we need to widen and revise the concept of path dependence if it is to function as a an evolutionary concept, to set it free from the overly restrictive and conservative interpretation (of lock-in) that it has all too often been given in economic-geographic applications. I defend that aim here.

The path dependence of organizational reputation: how social judgment influences assessments of capability and character (2012) 🗎🗎

Drawing upon theory on social judgments and impression formation from social psychology, this paper explores the socio-cognitive processes that shape the formation of favorable and unfavorable organizational reputations. Specifically, we suggest that stakeholders make distinctions between an organization's capabilities and its character. We explain the nature and function of each and articulate the manner in which judgment heuristics and biases manifest in the development of capability and character reputations. In doing so, this research explores both the positive and negative sides of organizational reputation by examining the manner in which different types of reputations are built or damaged, and how these processes influence the ability of managers to enhance and protect these reputations. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

The battle of the artificial languages (volapuk, the first mover) (2012) 🗎🗎

The battle of the artificial languages (volapuk, the first mover) This article is part of an ongoing research project on the battle of artificial languages (Volapuk, Esperanto and Ido) that took place at the start of the twentieth century, when the absence of a lingua franca and the demands of a more globalized world made some people believe that an artificial language could be the solution to the world's communication problemas. The article sets out from the literature on standardization and path dependence, emphasizing the need to focus on leadership and entrepreneurial imprinting to gain a beteer understanding of path dependence processes and standardization outcomes. For space reasons, though, this article only concentrates on the first mover: Volapuk.

Optimization, path dependence and the law: Can judges promote efficiency? (2012) 🗎🗎

The thesis that judges could (voluntarily or not) promote efficiency through their decisions has largely been discussed since Posner put it forward in the early 1970s. There nonetheless remains a methodological aspect that has never (to our knowledge) been analyzed in relation to the judges-and-efficiency thesis. We thus show that both promoters and critics of the judges-and-efficiency thesis similarly use a definition of optimization in which history, constraints and path-dependency are viewed as obstacles that must be removed to reach the most efficient outcome. This is misleading. Efficiency cannot be defined in absolute terms, as a "global ideal" that would mean being free from any constraint, including historically deposited ones. That judges are obliged to refer to the past does not mean that they are unable to make the most efficient decision because constraints are part of the optimization process: or optimization is necessarily path-dependent. Thus, the output of legal systems cannot be efficient or inefficient per se. This is what we argue in this paper. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Echoes of the Past: Organizational Foundings as Sources of an Institutional Legacy of Mutualism (2012) 🗎🗎

Conventional wisdom in organization theory holds that the environment imprints organizations at the time of their birth. We reverse the imagery and propose that early founding of a nonprofit organization in one domain imprints a community with a general institutional legacy of collective civic action. Consequently, the community is more likely to later establish new nonprofit organizations in a different domain. Empirically, we show that Norwegian communities that were the earliest to establish mutual fire insurance organizations and mutual savings banks in the 19th century were more likely to experience foundings of cooperative stores in the 20th century. We discuss how the founding of formal nonprofit organizations creates an institutional legacy that amplifies variations in the civic capacity of communities and outline how it complements accounts of organizational imprinting.

A future for the theory of multiple modernities: Insights from the new modernization theory (2012) 🗎🗎

In recent years, the concept of multiple modernities has emerged to challenge the perceived Eurocentrism and unilinearity of traditional theories of convergence, and has led to renewed efforts to appreciate differing trajectories of contemporary political and social development. Its exponents' key argument - that forms of modernity are so varied and contingent on culture and historical circumstance that the term itself must be spoken of in the plural - is particularly pertinent in an era where a preoccupation with modernity in societies around the world has not lately been adequately reflected in the academic literature. This article reviews the main principles of this approach, synthesizes its evolution and analyzes its strengths and shortcomings. The article finds that the notion of multiple modernities has been useful in widening the scope of study, and that it focuses on important questions that its rivals have not yet addressed. However, three challenges continue to pose problems for the theory: it has been reluctant to engage with the complexities and evolution of the modernization theory it critiques; it has not consistently delineated and defined its major unit of analysis; and it has not yet identified the 'core' of modernity itself in a way that allows for ideas, movements or societies to fall outside its remit. Although theorists have begun to address the unit of analysis problem by incorporating political dynamics into the study of civilizational difference, the selective incorporation of the empirical methodology and findings of Inglehart & Welzel's value-based, path-dependent approach offers another means by which multiple modernities theory can overcome the challenges identified.

Arendt, Stiegler and the life of the mind (2012) 🗎🗎

Arendt, Stiegler and the life of the mind The founding manifesto of Ars Industrialis commits the members of the association to a new "industrial politics of the spirit". The manifesto makes it clear that "spirit" is meant to refer to Hannah Arendt's conception of "mind", and that Ars Industrialis is concerned with the worldwide threat to what Arendt calls "the life of the mind". This threat is formulated in terms of Bernard Stiegler's philosophy of technology. According to Stiegler, the emergence of new technologies, particularly the digital media, has delivered the spirit over to the oppressive power of global capitalism. These technologies have come to direct and ultimately fabricate human desire, or "libidinal energy", towards consumer products, so as to maintain the capitalist system of production and consumption. Since individuals and groups singularise themselves in and through the working of their libidinal energy, the fabrication of desire by means of technology entails the fabrication of false singularities. The possibilities for individual and social existence are therefore reduced to a limited set of predetermined possibilities. However, while technology mediates our co-ordination within global consumer society, Stiegler also considers technology to be the means of our liberation from the capitalist logic of consumption. This liberation would entail the creative design of new techniques for the constitution of objects of desire that lie outside the demands of the market. In this way, our libidinal energy would be free to manifest itself in new experiences of singularity, and hence new forms of individual and social existence. These new forms of existence would entail a new politics of the spirit that is able to resist the oppressive forces of consumer society. In this article, I take issue with Stiegler's assumption that such a new politics of the spirit would indeed be the realisation or at least an enhancement of what Arendt understands under "the life of the mind". My claim is that Stiegler's conception of the life of the spirit - at least as it is presented in the Ars Industrialis manifesto - does not accord with Arendt's conception of the free activity of the mind, and that Stiegler's vision of political, economic and spiritual liberation cannot be reconciled with either Arendt's view of mind or her conception of political action. I do not deny that there are points of overlap between these two thinkers, nor do I intend to prove Stiegler's entire project wrong. My aim is simply to demonstrate that one of the underlying assumptions of this project - that the new politics of the spirit would entail the liberation of the life of the mind in Arendt's sense - does not hold. To this end, I undertake a systematic inquiry into Arendt's understanding of the life of the mind. I begin by analysing her distinction between mind and psyche, or soul, which reveals one of the fundamental differences between her work and that of Stiegler I show that, while Stiegler equates mind with "libidinal energy", Arendt explicitly and consistently distinguishes the free activity of mind from our libidinal life, and criticises attempts to derive the former from the latter Having set out the differences between Arendt and Stiegler on this point, I then turn to Arendt's treatment of the three mental activities that together constitute the life of the mind, namely thinking, willing and judging. I show that she conceives of each of these as a self-reflexive mental activity that is neither a function of our libidinal life nor of an external political or economic order In light of this analysis, I argue that Stiegler's views are clearly opposed to those of Arendt in a number of ways. First, to the extent that Stiegler equates "mind" with the "libidinal energy", he denies Arendt's distinction between mind and psyche. Second, to the extent that he advocates the liberation of the mind from the domination of market forces, he understands the freedom of the mind (or its absence) as a function of economic forces. Finally, he assumes a direct relationship between the activity of mind/spirit and political action. That is to say, he assumes that the liberation of the mind understood as libido - would lead to new forms of individual and social existence. Against this, Arendt insists on the distinction between the free activity of the mind and the political freedom that only comes into being in and through collective action. Stated more strongly: she considers political action as free precisely in so far as it is not the necessary outcome of mental operations. I therefore conclude that, while Stiegler's analysis of technology, his critique of the logic of consumption and his call for renewed care for the world should not be discarded out of hand, the conception of the life of the mind that underlies these arguments does not derive from Arendt.

AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF CIVIL VERSUS COMMON LAW PROPERTY (2012) 🗎🗎

Common law and civil law property appear to be quite different, with the former emphasizing pieces of ownership called estates and the latter focusing on holistic ownership. And yet the two systems are remarkably similar in their broad outlines for functional reasons. This Article offers a transaction cost explanation for the practical similarity and the differing styles of delineating property and ownership in the two systems. As opposed to the "complete" property system that could obtain in the world of zero transaction costs, actual property systems employ structures characterized by shortcuts in order to achieve property's substantive goals of protecting interests in use. Overlooking this structure leads to the bundle of rights picture of property, even though property is a structured bundle of relationships. The architecture of property consists in part of four basic relationships, and a number of characteristic features of property automatically arise out of this architecture, including exclusion rights, in rem status, and running to successors. Where civil law and common law differ is in their style of delineation, which reflects the path dependence and network effects from a common mode of legal communication and initial investment in feudal fragmentation in the common law and Roman-inspired holistic dominion in civil law. This transaction cost explanation for the functional similarities but different delineation process in the two systems promises to put the comparative law of property on a sounder descriptive footing.

Path Emergence on the Korean Peninsula: From Division to Unification (2012) 🗎🗎

The primary objective of this article is to examine the possibility of a path emergent transition from division to unification on the Korean peninsula. The term path emergence is presented as a theoretical apparatus to examine the proposition that transition from division to unification exhibits emergent properties as unintended consequences. Thus, path emergence is defined as causal sequences which unfold emergent properties within a complex social system. The path emergence approach highlights four causal sequences: morphogenetic fields, self-organized criticality, resonance and co-evolution. These causal sequences serve as a conceptual linchpin for the case analysis of the German Question and also the Korean Question. This study shows that the German Question is a historical example of path emergence. From the hindsight provided by the German case, it is argued that path emergence on the Korean peninsula is likely to occur under certain specific conditions.

The entanglement of consumer expectations and (eco) innovation sequences: the case of orange juice (2012) 🗎🗎

Prospects for future innovation to reduce the carbon intensity of everyday consumer products rest significantly on the path dependent processes that have caused current products with their associated modes of provision and practices of consumption to be as they are. We use the history of orange juice to examine the dynamics of innovation sequences that have emerged to solve a series of 'problems' associated with the production and consumption of orange juice, the latest being the carbon problem. In particular, we focus on the interdependencies between consumer expectations of what constitutes 'good orange juice', changes in the product itself and in the system through which it is provisioned. We conclude with a discussion of how historical, path dependent processes lead to alternative framings of the new problem to be solved and different strategies for pursuing innovative solutions.

Path Dependency: Do Councillor Recruitment and Career Development Matter? (2012) 🗎🗎

This article addresses the question of matter in discussing the effect of recruitment and career development on the importance councillors attach to various tasks associated with their office. It starts from the assumption that professionalization would lead to giving inward-looking tasks more importance to the detriment of their outward counterparts. The analysis shows the question of matter is much more complex in reality in terms of co-variation and causation and is contingent upon (supra-)local structures of opportunities. Overall, (existing) explanations are rather weak. Early stages in the recruitment process seem to matter most and have a negative effect on outward-looking tasks. Whereas specific patterns of path dependency in terms of recruitment and career development thus do appear, the road taken in public office is long and winding and does not always straightforwardly reflect the common legacy of shared past experiences in the way towards it.

Modeling History Dependence in Network-Behavior Coevolution (2012) 🗎🗎

Spatial interdependence-the dependence of outcomes in some units on those in others-is substantively and theoretically ubiquitous and central across the social sciences. Spatial association is also omnipresent empirically. However, spatial association may arise from three importantly distinct processes: common exposure of actors to exogenous external and internal stimuli, interdependence of outcomes/behaviors across actors (contagion), and/or the putative outcomes may affect the dimensions along which the clustering occurs (selection). Accurate inference about any of these processes generally requires an empirical strategy that addresses all three well. From a spatial-econometric perspective, this suggests spatiotemporal empirical models with exogenous covariates (common exposure) and spatial lags (contagion), with the spatial weights being endogenous (selection). From a longitudinal network-analytic perspective, the same three processes are identified as potential sources of network effects and network formation. From that perspective, actors' self-selection into networks (by, e.g., behavioral homophily) and actors' behavior that is contagious through those network connections likewise demands theoretical and empirical models in which networks and behavior coevolve over time. This paper begins building such models by, on theoretical side, extending a Markov type-interaction model to allow endogenous tie-formation, and, on empirical side, merging a simple spatial-lag logit model of contagious behavior with a simple p(*)-logit model of network formation. One interesting consequence of network-behavior coevolution-identically, endogenous patterns of spatial interdependence-emphasized here is how it can produce history-dependent political dynamics, including equilibrium phat and path dependence (Page 2006). The paper concludes with an illustrative application to alliance formation and conflict behavior among the great powers in the first half of the twentieth century.

Repairing credibility: Repositioning nuclear weapons knowledge after the Cold War (2012) 🗎🗎

During the Cold War, the credibility of US nuclear weapons scientists was backed up by an integrated system for designing, testing, and manufacturing nuclear weapons. As the Cold War drew to a close in the 1990s, weapons scientists warned that their knowledge was so deeply embedded in the design and testing of nuclear weapons that it might not survive if this system were disrupted. Sociologists Donald MacKenzie and Graham Spinardi used this as evidence for the role of tacit knowledge in weapons design, suggesting that a halt to weapons design and testing could bring on a crisis of credibility, and possibly the 'uninvention' of nuclear weapons. In this paper, we examine how the weapons community has avoided such a crisis of credibility. Our analysis turns on the concept of sociotechnical repair - the processes communities and institutions engage in to sustain their existence, identity, and boundaries, particularly when faced with disruptive change. We examine two post-Cold War repair efforts that demonstrate how actors carefully balance discursive, institutional, and material change in the repair of complex sociotechnical systems. The Stockpile Stewardship Program positions weapons expertise as an abstract body of knowledge, and seeks to repair the credibility of weapons scientists by embedding their knowledge in a new sociotechnical context of computer simulation and experimental science. The Reliable Replacement Warhead concept emphasizes the close relationship between weapons knowledge and the design features of stockpile warheads, and seeks to repair credibility by introducing weapons designs optimized for long-term stockpile storage. These repair efforts show that weapons scientists' views of their own knowledge continued to evolve after the end of the Cold War. In particular, weapons scientists maintained credibility with key constituencies by treating tacit knowledge as a flexible resource that can be successfully integrated into new sociotechnical arrangements.

Does geography matter to institutional choice? A comparative study of ancient commons (2013) 🗎🗎

This paper examines the effects of geography on institutional choice. Can variations in geography explain institutional variations and if so, in what ways? This question is explored with a comparative study of ancient commons based on fieldwork in two regions in Northern Philippines with markedly varying physical geography and institutional arrangements. The study finds that, indeed, geography matters in the choice of institutions governing the commons and goes about to explain how this matters. This conclusion has several implications to the literature on evolutionary, environmental and economic geography. First, the mediated and conditional effects of geography on institutions puts to rest the generalizability of arguments about environmental determinism on one hand and institutional triumphalism on the other. Second, the paper introduces the idea of institutional Darwinism i.e. institutional choice in the commons evolves in response to geography induced selection pressures. Institutions in turn affect selection pressures and production system implying an endogenous relationship. Third, the paper illustrates the application of a comparative case study approach to institutional and evolutionary economic geography which can tease out the nuances of history, contexts, selection pressures and choices which otherwise is lost in the conventional instrumental variable approach in regression models. Finally, the paper hopes to start a conversation between geographers on one hand and on the other hand scholars studying the evolution of institutions governing the commons. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Citizen, Academic, Expert, or International Worker? Juggling with Identities at UNESCO's Social Science Department, 1946-1955 (2013) 🗎🗎

This paper explores the links between the competing scientific, disciplinary, and institutional identifications of social scientists working for international organizations and the nature of the work produced in these establishments. By examining the case of UNESCO's Social Science Department from 1946 to 1955, the paper shows how the initial lack of organizational identification diminished the efficiency and productivity of the Department and slowed down the creation of an international system for research in the social sciences. It then examines how the elaboration of such identification resulted from a period of trial and error during which several national, academic, and scientific models were explored. The paper concludes that only the discourse of "moral sensitivity" kept the Department together at a time when disillusions regarding internationalism, the destabilization of the meaning of nation, and suspicion towards some Western disciplines rendered unacceptable the universalization of a single international social scientific identification.

Towards a processual microbial ontology (2013) 🗎🗎

Standard microbial evolutionary ontology is organized according to a nested hierarchy of entities at various levels of biological organization. It typically detects and defines these entities in relation to the most stable aspects of evolutionary processes, by identifying lineages evolving by a process of vertical inheritance from an ancestral entity. However, recent advances in microbiology indicate that such an ontology has important limitations. The various dynamics detected within microbiological systems reveal that a focus on the most stable entities (or features of entities) over time inevitably underestimates the extent and nature of microbial diversity. These dynamics are not the outcome of the process of vertical descent alone. Other processes, often involving causal interactions between entities from distinct levels of biological organisation, or operating at different time scales, are responsible not only for the destabilisation of pre-existing entities, but also for the emergence and stabilisation of novel entities in the microbial world. In this article we consider microbial entities as more or less stabilised functional wholes, and sketch a network-based ontology that can represent a diverse set of processes including, for example, as well as phylogenetic relations, interactions that stabilise or destabilise the interacting entities, spatial relations, ecological connections, and genetic exchanges. We use this pluralistic framework for evaluating (i) the existing ontological assumptions in evolution (e.g. whether currently recognized entities are adequate for understanding the causes of change and stabilisation in the microbial world), and (ii) for identifying hidden ontological kinds, essentially invisible from within a more limited perspective. We propose to recognize additional classes of entities that provide new insights into the structure of the microbial world, namely "processually equivalent" entities, "processually versatile" entities, and "stabilized" entities.

Adjusting the picture of the past (2013) 🗎🗎

The task of the historian is to provide orientation in the past, to give the present a historical dimension. This is not an exclusive task, but something the historian shares with many others: journalists, schoolteachers, debaters, politicians. History is a matter of making use of the past. A conscious reflection on this fact might give the professional historian a certain exclusivity. The task amounts to a search for critical distance to the construction of the past that continuously occurs in the societal debate. Critical distance not only requires exhaustive knowledge, but also a capacity to view the details in a wider context, and in essence is a matter of thematizing tensions between confirming and questioning. Teleology the belief in purposeful development dates back to the ancient Greeks at least, now reinforced and linked to new trajectories courtesy of Enlightenment philosophy with its views on progress. We would probably not exist as historians without such thoughts, but perhaps we should embrace it as our professional task to problematize and destabilize grand narratives, the most recent of which deal with globalization and Europeanization, and before that with the nation, occidental civilization, colonialism, rationalization, and modernization. 'The destabilization of teleologies is a matter of emphasizing the openness and uncertainty of historical processes, not to mention the fragility of human and social arrangements.

The moral economy of contemporary working-class adolescence: managing symbolic capital in a French public 'Adolescent Centre' (2013) 🗎🗎

Working-class adolescents of French urban peripheries are key figures in a new social debate that reactivates the nineteenth century spectre of 'dangerous' classes to be controlled. Since the 1990s, French social counselling has privileged two modalities of response: taking account of suffering and government by listening and speech. We hypothesize that the contemporary moral economy allows for social interactions that go beyond social control and institutional domination. This is partly because professionals engaged in this moral undertaking may keep a critical distance, and partly because the concerned populations aren't necessarily devoid of resources to advance their interests or incapable of resistance. The concept of moral economy, coupled with the ethnographic method, is heuristic for fully comprehending the complexity of these issues and their stakes. Our fieldwork was centred on a French Adolescent Centre in an impoverished commune in Paris's periphery, from January 2010 through March 2011. These institutions were established in the early 2000s to respond to adolescent 'suffering' by crossing social work and psychiatry. Adolescents, parents, and other institutions (especially schools) solicit the professionally diverse staff for assistance, which in turn may take on cases and/or make referrals to other support institutions. By paying attention to all the scenes upon which the story of a counselled adolescent evolves, and bearing more general social evolutions in mind by applying the concept of moral economy, we can consider the multiplicity of seemingly contradictory processes as a whole. We see the destabilization of parents and their loss of symbolic capital, partly due to the norms of contemporary parenthood and partly due to the stigmatization of working-class adolescence. But we also discern possibilities for expressing sentiments of injustice and humiliation, for increasing symbolic capital, and in some cases a reappropriation of the system, particularly in trajectories marked by a will for social ascension.

Historical Environmental Values (2013) 🗎🗎

John O'Neill, Alan Holland, and Andrew Light usefully distinguish two ways of thinking about environmental values, namely, end-state and historical views. To value nature in an end-state way is to value it because it instantiates certain properties, such as complexity or diversity. In contrast, a historical view says that nature's value is (partly) determined by its particular history. Three contemporary defenses of a historical view need to be clarified: (1) the normatively relevant history; (2) how historical considerations are supposed to instruct environmental decision making; and (3) the relative importance of historical and end-state considerations. There are multiple reasons for including historical considerations in an account of environmental values. For example, knowledge of a natural object's history can add depth and texture to our appreciation of that object. Further, if we were blind to the relevant history, we could not adequately understand and defend environmental policy goals such as preserving the potentials of natural systems or maintaining ecological health, for these goals appear to have irreducibly historical aspects. While historical considerations are important, such considerations are insufficient to guide our normative thinking about nature and how it should be dealt with practically. But they succeed in broadening and deepening our understanding of the nature and sources of environmental value.

Imprinting: Toward a Multilevel Theory (2013) 🗎🗎

The concept of imprinting has attracted considerable interest in numerous fieldsincluding organizational ecology, institutional theory, network analysis, and career researchand has been applied at several levels of analysis, from the industry to the individual. This article offers a critical review of this rich yet disparate literature and guides research toward a multilevel theory of imprinting. We start with a definition that captures the general features of imprinting across levels of analysis but is precise enough to remain distinct from seemingly similar concepts, such as path dependence and cohort effects. We then provide a framework to order and unite the splintered field of imprinting research at different levels of analysis. In doing so, we identify economic, technological, institutional, and individual influences that lead to imprints at the level of (a) organizational collectives, (b) single organizations, (c) organizational building blocks, and (d) individuals. Building on this framework, we develop a general model that points to major avenues for future research and charts new directions toward a multilevel theory of imprinting. This theory provides a distinct lens for organizational research that takes history seriously.

Creative destruction or creative enhancement? Understanding the transformation of rural spaces (2013) 🗎🗎

For more than fifty years, rural scholars have demonstrated the increasing fluidity and dynamism of rural spaces. In select locales, quotidian activity has given way to hedonic ventures as stakeholders have introduced innovative functions to attract the pleasure-seeking consumer. I have described this scenario as a type of 'creative destruction'. This process, however, does not apply to all rural communities undergoing functional change. To address this issue, I present an alternative neologism, 'creative enhancement,' to account for the varied evolutionary trajectories that non-metropolitan spaces are taking. I re-examine three Canadian villages (Elora, St. Jacobs and Ferryland) to illustrate how these twin processes unfold in amenity-rich locales. My findings enrich our understanding of how rural landscapes change as they transition from a productivist-based to potentially multi-functional state. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Strategy as Storytelling: A Phenomenological Collaboration (2013) 🗎🗎

This article presents a phenomenological inquiry into storytelling practices in corporate strategy-making processes, as experienced by nonsenior stakeholders. The authors utilize the potential of phenomenological methods to provide an enriched understanding of strategy as lived, embodied experience. Based on a strategy workshop in a company called ICARUS Inc., a large, international information technology corporation facing the challenge of reinventing itself after a period of considerable success, the authors identify three embodied narrative practices enacted during that workshop event: (a) discursive struggles over "hot" words, (b) the de-sacralization of strategy, and (c) recurring rituals of self-sacrifice. The article critically analyzes these practices in reference to recent research on strategy as a lived and narrated experience and discusses their implications as well as the implications of the workshop itself. Overall, the article aims at providing theoretical as well as methodological contribution for narrative practices of strategy in organizational lifeworlds.

THE TROUBLED PATH OF THE LOCK-IN MOVEMENT (2013) 🗎🗎

Paul David (in his article "Clio and the Economics of QWERTY"), Brian Arthur (in his article "Competing Technologies, Increasing Returns, and Lock-In by Historical Events"), and others introduced a "new economics" of increasing returns, alleging problems of path dependence and lock-in. These conditions were claimed to constitute market failure and were soon featured in antitrust actions, most famously in Microsoft. We challenged the empirical support for these theories and their real-world applicability (in the articles "The Fable of the Keys" and "Network Externality: An Uncommon Tragedy"). Subsequently, David and others have responded, arguing that lock-in theories require no empirical support, market failures were never an important feature of their writings, and the empirical evidence that had been put forward was never meant to be taken literally. Nevertheless, David and others claim that their theories have policy significance. Indeed, lock-in claims continue to appear as a basis for antitrust action. We now respond to the responses of David and others, review new developments in this literature, and consider antitrust implications in light of the deficiencies in lock-in theories and related empirical work.

How to evaluate creative destruction: reconstructing Schumpeter's approach (2013) 🗎🗎

Economic change, while promoting innovation and growth, at the same time generates ogales of creative destruction'. It is still largely unclear what this concept implies for the task of assessing welfare (and, correspondingly, the need for and the scope of policy making) in a novelty-generating, knowledge-based economy. Is novelty desirable per se? Is a rise of living standards due to innovation always worth the risks involved? Standard welfare economics is inherently incapable of answering these questions. By examining Joseph Schumpeter's explicit and implicit reasoning on welfare and linking his thoughts to recent ideas, within normative economics, on how to redefine owell-being' when preferences are variable and inconsistent, we argue that in an evolving economy, well-being should not be conceptualised in static preference-satisfaction terms, but rather in partly procedural terms of oeffective preference learning'.

Collapse Informatics and Practice: Theory, Method, and Design (2013) 🗎🗎

What happens if efforts to achieve sustainability fail? Research in many fields argues that contemporary global industrial civilization will not persist indefinitely in its current form, and may, like many past human societies, eventually collapse. Arguments in environmental studies, anthropology, and other fields indicate that this transformation could begin within the next half-century. While imminent collapse is far from certain, it is prudent to consider now how to develop sociotechnical systems for use in these scenarios. We introduce the notion of collapse informatics-the study, design, and development of sociotechnical systems in the abundant present for use in a future of scarcity. We sketch the design space of collapse informatics and a variety of example projects. We ask how notions of practice-theorized as collective activity in the "here and now"-can shift to the future since collapse has yet to occur.

Regional Identity in Contemporary Hip-Hop Music: (Re) Presenting the Notion of Place (2013) 🗎🗎

Significant scholarship in both media studies and the spatial sciences has averred that the creation and consumption of "place'' is intimately tied to the political economy of cultural production. Places, as socially constructed spaces, are subject to constant formulation and interpretation, and this is often consciously created by those with vested interests in selling "place'' as a commodity. In this article, we hypothesize that the construction of place at the regional scale is reinforced and articulated in part by the hip-hop industry and the political economy thereof. By conducting a detailed multidimensional content analysis of a subset of regionally representative hip-hop music videos, we reinforce the sociotemporally contextual understanding of a cultural region as a scalar understanding of place.

Viewpoint - Reflecting on the Chasm between Water Punditry and Water Politics (2013) 🗎🗎

When water academia meets real-time water politics, the latter does not necessarily bow deferentially and listen respectfully. When the former attempts to bring what may be thought of as rational reforms, powerful vested interests, their public facade and stated positions notwithstanding, rise in reaction and are able to scuttle such efforts. Since all politics is both local and short-term, entrenched vested interests are often able to distort the public discourse by appealing to 'development', the new theology of our times, even if it is mal-development they are really advocating. This is a personal account of an academic activist and his almost three decades of battling what could be called demons or windmills, depending on which side of the fence one views these events from. It has lessons for academics in general who long for 'policy relevance' for their work ('enter the kitchen only if you can handle the political heat') and for vested interests that have any semblance of social conscience and sense of legacy left in them ('you can't have lasting good politics with short-term bad science').

"New markets must be conquered": Race, gender, and the embodiment of entrepreneurship within texts (2013) 🗎🗎

The past decade has seen an exponential growth of postsecondary entrepreneurship programs. This article focuses on curriculum and training materials as they enable an analysis of the nuanced ways in which entrepreneurship and the enterprising are conceptualized, and how texts inform future entrepreneurs to embody the language of entrepreneurship. I situate this article within the fields of sociology, entrepreneurship education, and geography and bring a spatial analysis of race, gender, and class to a normally non-spatial area of study. Although the enterprising discourse is perceived as race, gender, and class neutral, the management and self-discipline required serve to legitimize a White, male, liberal, able-bodied subject. Whiteness is also upheld through the privileging of abstract thinking, mobility, and the mapping of Other space. Meanwhile, entrepreneurship defined as the art of exploiting opportunities and as a creative destruction of space presents a very linear understanding of place, space, and community, dehistoricizing and decontextualizing entrepreneurship; and perpetuating a colonial, imperialist view of entrepreneurship which serves to uphold a universal, unmarked, white subject. This critique aims to allow for an understanding of the complexity of entrepreneurship, space, community, and subjectivity.

An evolutionary view of the infant-industry argument (2013) 🗎🗎

As opposed to the conventional view of the infant-industry argument as a rationale for temporary trade-impairment measures, this paper submits an evolutionary view of the argument, founded on insights from catch-up experience, as a long-run collective-learning enterprise providing a rationale for trade creation. This is operationalised by introducing system, institutional and policy learning, in addition to firm-specific learning, to complete a triad that unfolds within a multi-phased dynamic sequence eventually leading to infant-industry emergence. We factor-in radical uncertainty, complexity and path dependence, while spelling out positive and normative implications. Crucial interphase transition junctures are identified with emphasis on generative, as opposed to functional, properties.

The Capitalist Epoch (2014) 🗎🗎

This presidential address argues that capitalism must be understood as an epochal phenomenon, that is, as a historically specific and temporally limited form of life with social and temporal dynamics that set it off from previous eras of history and that are not destined to last indefinitely. Capitalism's most distinctive feature-sustained secular economic growth in per capita terms-has brought great benefits to the human race, not only increasing economic well-being but endowing people with bigger, stronger, and more resilient bodies and radically increased life spans. It has also made possible an astounding increase in society's technical, educational, and scientific powers. The experience of sustained economic growth has led to a particular sense of time as open-ended and progressive-making possible modern historical consciousness. Meanwhile, the relentless commodification of social relations under capitalism has tended to free people from domination based on personal status, but also to subject them to more abstract forms of domination. Creative destruction, which is capitalism's key mechanism for producing sustained economic growth, has also produced an unmasterable cyclical pattern of boom and bust, creating new forms of insecurity at the same time that it tends to lift people out of absolute poverty. Capitalist development has always been spatially uneven. There is reason, however, to think that the capitalist era may be approaching its end. The shape of the postcapitalist era will depend on how well we collectively make use of the powers that the capitalist era has produced-science and technology, to be sure, but also the critical historical consciousness that lies at the heart of social science history.

How Do Life, Economy and Other Complex Systems Escape the Heat Death? (2014) 🗎🗎

The primordial confrontation underlying the existence of our Universe can be conceived as the battle between entropy and complexity. The law of ever-increasing entropy (Boltzmann H-theorem) evokes an irreversible, one-directional evolution (or rather involution) going uniformly and monotonically from birth to death. Since the 19th century, this concept is one of the cornerstones and in the same time puzzles of statistical mechanics. On the other hand, there is the empirical experience where one witnesses the emergence, growth and diversification of new self-organized objects with ever-increasing complexity. When modeling them in terms of simple discrete elements one finds that the emergence of collective complex adaptive objects is a rather generic phenomenon governed by a new type of laws. These "emergence" laws, not connected directly with the fundamental laws of the physical reality, nor acting "in addition" to them but acting through them were called "More is Different" by Phil Anderson, "das Maass" by Hegel etc. Even though the "emergence laws" act through the intermediary of the fundamental laws that govern the individual elementary agents, it turns out that different systems apparently governed by very different fundamental laws: gravity, chemistry, biology, economics, social psychology, end up often with similar emergence laws and outcomes. In particular the emergence of adaptive collective objects endows the system with a granular structure which in turn causes specific macroscopic cycles of intermittent fluctuations.

The invention of transitions: History as a symbolic site for discursive struggles over organizational change (2014) 🗎🗎

Studies interested in the discursive use of 'the past' often view history as an organizational resource designed to create a shared origin and a common purpose, promoting a sense of continuity and commitment among organizational stakeholders. In this article, I view 'history' instead as a symbolic site for discursive struggles between proponents and opponents of organizational change. It shows how organizational actors use 'traces' of a collective past in their version of 'the' history to win consent for change and to counter competing views. They do so by creating a sense of discontinuity from the past. The case study presented in this article combines a historian's account of a newspaper's history with an ethnographic account of the use of history prevalent among newspaper editors. While the historian's narrative suggests the continuance of some vigorous traditions alongside identity change, the editors narratively construct or 'invent' transitions between periods or episodes while disregarding the organization's traditions in their everyday talk. Storying the past, present and future in terms of a temporal dichotomy and 'inventing' transitions departs from existing studies of rhetorical history that tend to highlight invented traditions which establish or reaffirm continuity with the past. The case analysis shows how the editors selectively and strategically deploy history to accomplish or oppose change as part of ongoing negotiations within the editorial staff.

Selection Pressures on Special Education Teacher Preparation: Issues Shaping Our Future (2014) 🗎🗎

In this introduction to the special issue on evolving changes in our field, we have intentionally chosen to use the power of a vastly different metaphor to promote deep reflection. Specifically, we will introduce the notion of selection pressures and its impact on an evolutionary process, illustrating how special education teacher education has changed or evolved. We discuss these changes in the context of the 21st century and contextualize this explanation by representing special education teacher education as an avatar, thereby borrowing from the virtual world. We borrow concepts from natural science and the virtual world to help promote a new understanding of the nature of special education teacher education. Several selection pressures have been identified as affecting and moving forward special education teacher education such as (a) professional development/course delivery, (b) field experiences/mentoring induction, and (c) performance assessment. Each factor is considered with regard to its influence on the evolving nature of the 21st-century special education teacher education.

Dynamics of face-to-face social interaction frequency: role of accessibility, urbanization, changes in geographical distance and path dependence (2014) 🗎🗎

Commonly, frequency of social interaction is modelled as a function of an ego's socio-demographic characteristics and dyad characteristics of ego and alters. This study is based on the contention that proximity to alters and accessibility to services and degree of urbanization moderate this relationship. In addition, marking the contribution of this study to the literature, social interaction frequencies are dynamic and change over time. Therefore, face-to-face interaction frequencies are subjected to the history of interaction and distance dynamics between actors. By taking these aspects into account, important research questions can be addressed, for instance, would the frequency of meeting between an ego and an alter increase if the alter lives nearby now, but was previously located far away? Or how often would the ego meet an alter who was living nearby but moved to a more distant location now? The answers could provide important feedback to tie maintenance, strength, disappearances and social travel dynamics over time. This study draws from the concepts of path dependence, life course and accessibility and shows that history and accessibility indicators can explain part of the frequency of face-to-face interactions. Life cycle events were taken as triggers of these changes. Retrospective survey data are used for the analyses. Face-to-face social interaction frequency between egos and their alters was recorded before and after the life cycle event. A stepwise ordered logit model estimation reveals that social travel frequency can be better predicted when geographical indicators and path dependence are included in the model specification. (C) 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Political Economy of Love: Nurturance Gap, Disembedded Economy and Freedom Constraints within Neoliberal Capitalism (2014) 🗎🗎

This article critically evaluates the forms of love capital being accumulated by people in capitalist economies, through the lens of some of the core general principles of heterodox political economy (HPE). We start by situating love historically in the neoliberal culture and then examine the six main love styles as well as the five critical factors through the process of circular and cumulative causation. We then scrutinise the contradictions of neoliberal capitalism involving the nurturance gap, disembedded economy and freedom constraint which inhibit the generation of holistic love capital. The path dependent nature of love is then linked to relational phases and instabilities, especially involving serial monogamy in the United States. Some of the core principles of HPE provide a vantage point for scrutinising the problems involved in stimulating holistic love capital in the contemporary environment.

Hazardous digits: Telephone keypads and Russian numbers in Tbilisi, Georgia (2014) 🗎🗎

Why do many Georgian speakers in Tbilisi prefer a non-native language (Russian) for providing telephone numbers to their interlocutors? One of the most common explanations is that the addressee is at risk of miskeying a number if it is given in Georgian, a vigesimal system, rather than Russian, a decimal system. Rationales emphasizing the hazards of Georgian numbers in favor of the "ease" of Russian numbers provide an entrypoint to discuss the social construction of linguistic difference with respect to technological artifacts. This article investigates historical and sociotechnical dimensions contributing to ease of communication as the primary rationale for Russian language preference. The number keypad on the telephone has afforded a normative preference for Russian linguistic code. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Path dependencies in media design: evolutionary dynamics of early mobile web and its textual forms (2014) 🗎🗎

This article proposes an interdisciplinary approach to studying the dynamics that condition the evolution of various path dependencies of media systems, comprised of specific industry institutions, their formations, the markets they create, usage practices, audience constellations and textual formations. The interdisciplinary approach involves the integration of the semiotics of culture approach (Lotman) with the evolutionary economics approach. As the former studies the dynamics of intersemiotic translations to interpret the evolution of media's new textual forms and the latter focuses on phenomena such as resource constraints or industry exchange relationships, then in aggregation, they may help to interpret the manifold dynamics that might contribute both to the formation of diachronic continuities as well as discontinuities in a culture. The empirical case that the article focuses on is the early evolution of the mobile web, its path dependence on the preceding media, especially desktop web, and its potential divergence from this "parent platform", its gradual emancipation as an autonomous media domain

Ethnographic studies of social causation: observing conjunctures of action sequences in particular settings (2014) 🗎🗎

While the importance of ethnographic research for causal understanding is widely recognized, the logic of this argument has not been well articulated. The purpose of this paper is to specify the conditions under which direct field observations become essential for causal studies. It is argued in this paper that the concept of "human causation" is fundamental for understanding the causal relevance of ethnographic research. Specifically, ethnographic methods are most suited for observing conjunctures of action sequences in particular social settings. In causally fixed settings, ethnographers focus on the recurrent causal pathways leading to a predictable outcome; and in causally open settings, ethnographers study the critical junctures in and important conjunctures of contingent sequences of events that give rise to unpredictable outcomes. In both instances, the immersion of the researcher into the setting to observe the unfolding of the events being studied plays a key role in uncovering and understanding the underlying causal processes. The limitations of ethnographic methods for causal studies are also discussed in the paper.

Understanding the rift, the (still) uneasy bedfellows of History and Organization Studies (2014) 🗎🗎

Although the use of History has become increasingly discussed and more widely applied within Organization Studies (OS), its relevance for OS still remains far from centrally accepted. This article historicizes the relationship between Sociology and History as a means of better understanding the tensions, perceived and real, that exist between History and Organization Studies. In particular we analyse three differences of epistemological standpoint (method, objectivity and usefulness) that are commonly seen as the foundation stones to incompatibility. Perhaps surprisingly for an analysis of apparent disciplinary differences, we find that these distinctions in terms of approach, once closely examined, are rarely clear-cut and historians and OS scholars are frequently closer in intention and method than they are distant. However, despite their large intersection of interests, we argue that important distinctions between the two fields should be acknowledged. Our contribution to the debates over the need for more historical approaches within OS therefore centrally rests on abandoning aspirations for fully integrative models of working together, in favour of cooperative modes that concede the fields' differences. This subtle shift of emphasis will, we believe, greatly benefit OS scholars who hope to include historical perspectives in their work.

The moderating role of national cultural values in smoking cessation (2015) 🗎🗎

Psychological ownership is an under researched concept in marketing and compulsive consumption. Research in marketing treats psychological ownership as a uni-dimensional construct yet the concept of psychological ownership is more complex. This research draws on the psychological ownership dimensions of self-efficacy and self-accountability to examine how these dimensions jointly explain smokers' quit intentions. A separate contribution lies in understanding the role of culture in smoking cessation. The authors use data across 25 European countries to examine the moderating influence of cultural value dimensions (autonomy/embeddedness, egalitarianism/hierarchy, harmony/mastery) on the relationship between the psychological ownership dimensions and quit intentions. Findings from this research show that psychological ownership plays a more important role in facilitating smoking cessation for smokers in autonomy, egalitarian, and harmony cultures. Given that culture explains cross-country variation in the psychological process of smoking cessation, national policy makers need to take culture into account when devising tobacco control policies. (C) 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Effects of surface reflectance on local second order shape estimation in dynamic scenes (2015) 🗎🗎

In dynamic scenes, relative motion between the object, the observer, and/or the environment projects as dynamic visual information onto the retina (optic flow) that facilitates 3D shape perception. When the object is diffusely reflective, e.g. a matte painted surface, this optic flow is directly linked to object shape, a property found at the foundations of most traditional shape-from-motion (SfM) schemes. When the object is specular, the corresponding specular flow is related to shape curvature, a regime change that challenges the visual system to determine concurrently both the shape and the distortions of the (sometimes unknown) environment reflected from its surface. While human observers are able to judge the global 3D shape of most specular objects, shape-from-specular-flow (SFSF) is not veridical. In fact, recent studies have also shown systematic biases in the perceived motion of such objects. Here we focus on the perception of local shape from specular flow and compare it to that of matte-textured rotating objects. Observers judged local surface shape by adjusting a rotation and scale invariant shape index probe. Compared to shape judgments of static objects we find that object motion decreases intra-observer variability in local shape estimation. Moreover, object motion introduces systematic changes in perceived shape between matte-textured and specular conditions. Taken together, this study provides a new insight toward the contribution of motion and surface material to local shape perception. (C) 2015 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

Contesting epistemic authority: Conspiracy theories on the boundaries of science (2015) 🗎🗎

Conspiracy theories are immensely popular today, yet in the social sciences they are often dismissed as irrational, bad science, or religious belief. In this study, we take a cultural sociological approach and argue that this persistent disqualification is a form of boundary work that obscures rather than clarifies how and why conspiracy theorists challenge the epistemic authority of science. Based on a qualitative study of the Dutch conspiracy milieu, we distinguish three critiques that are motivated by encounters with scientific experts in everyday life: the alleged dogmatism of modern science, the intimate relation of scientific knowledge production with vested interests, and the exclusion of lay knowledge by scientific experts forming a global power elite. Given their critique that resonates with social scientific understandings of science, it is concluded that conspiracy theorists compete with (social) scientists in complex battles for epistemic authority in a broader field of knowledge contestation.

Schumpeter's theological roots? Harnack and the origins of creative destruction. (2015) 🗎🗎

This short research note highlights the similarity between Schumpeter's theory of creative destruction and the work of his contemporary, the German theologian Adolf von Harnack (1851-1930). The note provides a brief overview of Harnack's concepts and terminology and highlights their similarity to Schumpeterian ideas about routinisation, charismatic entrepreneurial leadership, and creative destruction. While the evidence is far from conclusive it does suggest that the similarity merits closer attention that could potentially lead to changes to the received understanding of the theory of creative destruction. In particular, it suggests a potential need to reassess the position of Schumpeter within a wider Weberian tradition.

The beat of the economic heart (2015) 🗎🗎

The paper discusses the silimar, but in some respects different explanations of business cycles by Schumpeter and Arthur Spiethoff, his elderly friend and colleague. Spiethoff brought Schumpeter back into academics after the latter's not very successful careers as a politician and a banker. Both insisted that cycles are endogenous and cannot possibly be eliminated without eliminating the dynamismof the capitalist economy. They thought that theoretical and historical studies were not mutually exclusive, but complementary. The gulf separating pure theory and historical studies since the so-called Methodenstreit was detrimental to the development of economics.

Historicity and ecological restoration (2015) 🗎🗎

This paper analyzes the relevance and interconnection of two forms of historicity in ecological restoration, namely historical fidelity and path dependence. Historical fidelity is the practice of attempting to restore an ecological system to some sort of idealized past condition. Path dependence occurs when a system can evolve in alternative local equilibria, and that the order and timing of the events that follow from the initial state influence which equilibrium is reached. Using theoretical examples and case studies, the following analysis shows that path dependence can seriously impinge the feasibility of historical fidelity, thus reinforcing the idea that restoration ecology needs to move away from a rigid reliance on historical fidelity and is sometimes justified to endorse an interventionist agenda. Yet, contra recent criticisms, I argue that ecological restoration, directed by prudential and evidence-based reasoning, should maintain historical fidelity as one of its guiding objectives.

Practice, Plurality, Performativity, and Plumbing: Internet Governance Research Meets Science and Technology Studies (2015) 🗎🗎

Recent scholarship provides the opportunity for an assessment of the underexplored but promising marriage between science and technology studies (STS) and Internet governance (IG) research. This article seeks to provide such an assessment by reviewing and discussing, in particular, three volumes: Laura DeNardis's The Global War for Internet Governance (2014, Yale University Press), The Power of Networks: Organizing the Global Politics of the Internet by Mikkel Flyverbom (2011, Edward Elgar Publishing), and Governance, Regulations and Powers on the Internet edited by Eric Brousseau, Meryem Marzouki, and Cecile Meadel (2012, Cambridge University Press). Approaching IG through an STS lens, these authors bring to the fore a number of related issues that political and legal sciences have addressed only incompletely so far, but are crucial to understand today's governance of the Internet as a complex sociotechnical system of systems. In their research, STS scholars of IG highlight the day-to-day, mundane practices that constitute IG; the plurality and networkedness of hybrid devices and arrangements that populate, shape, and define IG processes; the performative function of these arrangements vis-a-vis the virtual, yet very material, worlds they seek to regulate; the invisibility, pervasiveness, and agency of infrastructure.

On the Possibilities of a Charming Anthropocene (2015) 🗎🗎

The Anthropocene-the geological epoch in which human activities are signaled in Earth's geological records-often appears as an age to be met with grim resignation. Anxiety-driven narratives about this era can translate into very material landscapes of surveillance, tightened borders, farmland acquisitions, and so on, landscapes where speculation shapes lived realities. This article proposes that instead of joining the chorus of dark predictions, or rejecting the flawed concept altogether, geographers are well positioned to experiment with articulating a different Anthropocene. Fragments of a beautiful Anthropocene are already under design: agroecology, green roofs and buildings, distributed renewable energy systems. Yet to weave together a vision compelling enough to provoke cultural and political change, other elements are necessary: a reawakened sense of wonder, an ethic of care, and aesthetic and cultural production around these. This article proposes enchantment as a concept to evoke these elements and discusses the merits and dangers of imagining an enchanted Anthropocene. It looks at emergent alternative framings for thinking about a human-shaped earth and examples of related practices-rewilding, biophilic cities, planetary gardening, smart landscapes-which could make for a more habitable and welcoming epoch.

When Organization Studies Turns to Societal Problems: The Contribution of Marxist Grand Theory (2015) 🗎🗎

Marxist theory, we argue, can be a valuable resource as organization studies turns to the urgent societal problems of our times. In order to address these problems, organizational studies needs greater historical depth and interdisciplinarity. We argue that these imperatives necessitate a return to grand theory. Grand theories provide the frameworks needed for integrating in a systematic as opposed to an ad hoc manner both scholarship across disciplines and middle-range theories within disciplines. We show that marxism offers a particularly fruitful grand theory for organization studies and for the social sciences more broadly, because it affords a platform for integrating various social sciences and because it offers penetrating insight into both the longue duree of history and the political-economic dynamics of capitalism. In making our case, we present and defend the core ideas of marxism, including its theory of modes of production, its distinctive theory of soft technological and economic determinism, its labor theory of value, and its account of the key developmental tendencies of capitalismconcentration and centralization of capital, socialization, and recurrent crises. We illustrate the power of these ideas by showing how they can be used to enrich organizational research on the 2007-8 financial crisis. And we introduce the four articles in this Special Themed Section, which show the capacity of marxist concepts to reframe and enrich research on traditional and emerging topics in organization studies, including organizational learning and communities of practice, knowledge work, teamwork and collaboration, social media and digital capitalism, and organizational routines and path dependence.

This Could Be the Start of Something Big: Linking Early Managerial Choices with Subsequent Organizational Performance (2015) 🗎🗎

The influence of early events in the history of a country, a social phenomenon, or an organization on later developments has received significant attention in many social science disciplines. Often dubbed "path dependence," this influence occurs when early events influence later outcomes even when the original events do not reoccur. " Path dependence," however, has received little theoretical or empirical attention in public administration. This article discusses how early events in an organization's history can come to influence later outcomes. The article then empirically tests for the presence of path dependence using data from Crime and Disorder Reduction Partnerships in England and Wales, a cross-organizational collaboration inside local government. We find that early choices by the leader of the collaboration about which activities to prioritize to create collaboration set in motion a path creating collaborations that were more successful and less successful, producing differences in crime results almost a decade later. The most successful early priorities involved getting partner organizations to act in collaborative ways, rather than working to improve the attitudes of these organizations toward collaboration. We argue that path dependence should be examined in public administration research from a, prospective, prescriptive perspective, to learn more about what early managerial actions can produce better later results.

Towards a Developmental Turn in Evolutionary Economic Geography? (2015) 🗎🗎

Martin R. and Sunley P. Towards a developmental turn in evolutionary economic geography?, Regional Studies. Over the past couple of decades or so there have been increasing moves within evolutionary theory to move beyond the neo-Darwinian principles of variety, selection and retention, and to incorporate development. This has led to a richer palette of concepts, mechanisms and models of evolution and change, such as plasticity, robustness, evolvability, emergence, niche construction and self-organization, This opens up a different framework for understanding evolution. This paper sets out the main characteristics of the recent and ongoing 'developmental turn' in evolutionary theory and suggests how these might inform a corresponding 'developmental turn' in evolutionary economic geography.

Contingency, novelty and choice. Cultural evolution as internal selection (2015) 🗎🗎

Sociological, economic and evolutionary paradigms of human agency have often seen social agents either as the rational controllers of their fate or as marionettes on the strings of historical, functional or adaptive necessity. They found it therefore difficult to account for the variability, intentionality and creativity of human behaviour and for its frequently redundant or harmful results. This paper argues that human agency is a product of evolution, but that genetic variation and inheritance can only provide a limited explanation of its complex nature. The primary evolutionary problem which human agents face while they are alive is not to adapt to stable environments, but to respond flexibly and creatively to a contingent, uncertain world. Variation and selection therefore take two connected but distinct forms, one external, genetic, and inherited across generations, the other internal and cognitive, and operating during the lifetime of individuals. An examination of this lived part of evolution provides a better understanding of key properties of agency.

On Technological Determinism: A Typology, Scope Conditions, and a Mechanism (2015) 🗎🗎

Technological determinism is predominantly employed as a critic's term, used to dismiss certain classes of theoretical and empirical claims. Understood more productively as referring to claims that place a greater emphasis on the autonomous and social-shaping tendencies of technology, technological determinism is a valuable and prominent perspective. This article will advance our understanding of technological determinism through four contributions. First, I clarify some debates about technological determinism through an examination of the meaning of technology. Second, I parse the family of claims related to technological determinism. Third, I note that constructivist and determinist insights may each be valid given particular scope conditions, the most prominent of which is the scale of analysis. Finally, I propose a theoretical microfoundation for technological determinismmilitary-economic adaptationismin which economic and military competition constrain sociotechnical evolution to deterministic paths. This theory is a special case of a general theorysociotechnical selectionismwhich can be regarded as also including (mild) constructivist theories as special cases. Greater understanding of, respect for, and engagement with technological determinism will enhance the study of technology and our ability to shape our sociotechnical systems.

Leadership and culture in the Welsh Assembly: investigating path-dependency (2015) 🗎🗎

This study of the developing Welsh Assembly (WA) provides a unique opportunity to comprehend how the values and public statements of a democratic institution's initial and ongoing leadership develop its structure and culture. We track the evolution of a new democratic institution and investigate relationships between leadership, path-dependency and cultural development. In this paper, Welsh Assembly Member (AM) leadership is analysed in relation to sources of path-dependency in the WA. Two sets of interviews and surveys provide AM perspectives of the Assembly in relation to the evolving leadership capability and institutional culture.

Mechanics and dynamics of social construction: Modeling the emergence of culture from individual mental representation (2015) 🗎🗎

This paper presents a parsimonious model of social construction that can be extended and applied by researchers interested in unpacking how culture emerges from individual meaning-making. Using a review of contemporary cognition research, it first hones in on the mental representation processes which drive individual sense-making in social situations. It then uses agent-based modeling (ABM), a modern simulation tool used to theorize how emergent phenomena arise from individual behaviors, to systematically demonstrate how this cognitive mechanism generates macro-level dynamics. Specifically, it shows how mental representation processes can account for cultural emergence and subgrouping, cultural path dependency and lock-in, endogenous cultural change, and the manifestation of these collective dynamics as variations in individuals' experiences of culture. The final part of the paper discusses a few initial implications of this work including the expanded use of ABM in cultural theory, testing and verification of this theoretical work using Implicit Association Testing (IAT) and large-scale quantitative analyses, and this model's significance for existing qualitative approaches to the study of culture. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Stable and destabilised states of subjective well-being: dance and movement as catalysts of transition (2015) 🗎🗎

The pursuit of subjective well-being has become an important object of policy and personal action, which within geography has been engaged largely by those with an interest in health. But to date, geography has given little attention to the ways in which subjective well-being changes and in particular, the ways in which it may be understood as both stable and amenable to change. Similarly, the field of arts and health asserts the value of participation in the creative arts for enhancing subjective well-being, but has also hardly addressed how this may come about. The paper explores stability and change in well-being through a case study of a dance and movement intervention in an English primary school. We draw on Deleuze and Guattari's notions of assemblages and of striated and smooth space to explore how participation in the arts may enable escape from habituated practices. This exploration expands the scope of geographies of health towards capturing the moments and processes through which transitions in subjective well-being may occur. The study indicates the need for greater attention to gentler and gendered forms of transition.

Documenting International Relations: Documentary Film and the Creative Arrangement of Perceptibility (2015) 🗎🗎

International Relations (IR) is taking a stronger interest in visual practices and representations both as popular imaginaries that shape how we understand and act in the world and as vehicles for teaching empirical events and abstract concepts. The genre of documentary film has, however, received virtually no attention, which is striking given the last decade's explosion of widely circulated documentaries revolving around questions of central importance to IR. In this article we argue that IR needs to take documentary film-making seriously as a separate and significant medium of representation thatmoving smoothly between fact and fiction, education and entertainmentdirectly intervenes in international politics by laying claim to (parts of) truth and reality. To this end, we introduce an analytical framework based on the idea of arrangements of perceptibility, a term that refers to the creative arrangement of sensorial perceptions (saying and showing) in documentary film. We distinguish between three such arrangements, each characterized by a specific theoretical modality (reality, truth, doubt), educational model (instruction, facilitation, problematization), and political efficacy (exposition, disclosure, destabilization). This framework enables a critical analysis of the politics of documentary film, which we demonstrate through a reading of recent documentary films about global politics.

Selling, Sharing, and Everything In Between: The Hybrid Economies of Collaborative Networks (2015) 🗎🗎

Recent consumer research has examined contexts where market-based exchange, gift-giving, sharing, and other modes of exchange occur simultaneously and obey several intersecting logics, but consumer research has not conceptualized these so-called hybrid economic forms nor explained how these hybrids are shaped and sustained. Using ethnographic and netnographic data from the collaborative network of geocaching, this study explains the emergence of hybrid economies. Performativity theory is mobilized to demonstrate that the hybrid status of these economies is constantly under threat of destabilization by the struggle between competing performativities of market and nonmarket modes of exchange. Despite latent tension between competing performativities, the hybrid economy is sustained through consumer-producer engagements in collaborative consumption and production, the creation of zones of indeterminacy, and the enactment of tournaments of value that dissipate controversies around hybrid transactions. Implications are drawn for consumer research on the interplay between market and nonmarket economies.

Resources of Resilience amongst the Urban Population (2015) 🗎🗎

The issue of resilience is analysed both theoretically and according to the data obtained after a field research on a population of 600 people from Drobeta Tumu Severin. The information attests that the main factors, for the destabilisation of the urban population, are related to the affective, social and biological dimension of it. The research unravelled the personal and collective effects of sufferance, along with the strategies adopted for resolving the traumatising conditions. The overwhelming majority of the population are optimistic people, confident in their own forces, who appreciate that their life has been so far, generally, very successful.

Things Fall Apart: The Dynamics of Brand Audience Dissipation (2015) 🗎🗎

Much prior work illuminates how fans of a brand can contribute to the value enjoyed by other members of its audience, but little is known about any processes by which fans contribute to the dissipation of that audience. Using longitudinal data on America's Next Top Model, a serial brand, and conceptualizing brands as assemblages of heterogeneous components, this article examines how fans can contribute to the destabilization of a brand's identity and fuel the dissipation of audiences of which they have been members. This work suggests that explanations focusing on satiation, psychology, or semiotics are inadequate to account for dissipation in the audience for serial brands. Moreover, the perspective advanced here highlights how fans can create doppelganger brand images and contribute to the co-destruction of serial brands they have avidly followed.

Researching the Teaching of Subject English: Socio-Cultural Theories and Methods (2015) 🗎🗎

I come to this article as an experienced primary and middle years teacher and midcareer university-based academic with a vested interest in researching the message systems of the disciplinary field of subject English. My sociocultural perspective challenges those who view English teaching predominantly as a cognitive act of learning to read or write, or shy away from introducing content that feels raw or political. In the eloquent words of Shiqing (2014), I 'reject the idealised view of truth inherited from the ancients and replace it with a dynamic, changing trust bounded by time, space and perspective' (p. 70). Empirically, in my work as a primary and middle years English teacher, I am influenced by two major theories associated with language as a socio-cultural resource: Multiliteracies Pedagogies (New London Group, 2000) and Systemic Functional Linguistics (Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004). Theoretically, in my work as a researcher, I draw on sociological understandings of the three message systems of education, that is, curriculum, pedagogy and assessment (Bernstein, 2000), to describe the effects of adopting these stringent socio-cultural approaches. In that article which follows, I introduce and discuss the influences of multiliteracies pedagogies, systemic functional linguistics and sociological theories in turn.

Incoherence matters Life-stories after fundamental regime-change (2015) 🗎🗎

Life-stories are usually seen as showing considerable coherence even where they include turning points. More recent work has in contrast noted that "living" or "small narratives" do not follow this rule but contrastingly enable the pondering of unresolved life-events helping to develop understanding. This potential is particularly valuable in contexts of fundamental regime-change where changes of the value-system, such as after transition from state socialism to democracy, pose considerable challenges to narrative coherence. The article suggests reconsidering the question of coherence in life-stories and draws on two examples of individuals who experienced life in East Germany and German unification to argue that struggles for coherence in the life-story can be indicative of the lack of wider shared frameworks for the understandings of national events and historical problems.

Showing the path to path dependence: the habitual path (2015) 🗎🗎

This article investigates the conceptual and theoretical implications of the logic of habit for the path-dependence approach. In the existing literature, we see two different logics of action associated with two distinct models of path dependence: the logic of consequences (instrumental rationality) is linked with utilitarian paths (i.e. increasing returns) and the logic of appropriateness (normative rationality) constitutes normative paths (normative lock-in). However, this study suggests that despite its popularity, the path-dependence approach remains underspecified owing to its exclusion or neglect of the logic of habit, which constitutes a distinct mechanism of reproduction or self-reinforcement in the institutional world. This article, therefore, introduces the notion of the 'habitual path' as a different model of path dependence. Although the idea of the habitual path is complementary with the existing models, owing to its distinctive notions of agency and mechanisms of path reproduction, it offers a different interpretation of continuity or regularity. Thus, by enriching the path-dependence approach, the notion of the habitual path would contribute to our comprehension of continuities and discontinuities in the political world.

Valuing nature: A reply to Esteve Corbera (2015) 🗎🗎

This paper is a reply to Esteve Corbera's critique of my earlier commentary on the economic valuation of nature. It seeks to clarify my motivations and objectives in writing the original piece. It highlights important distinctions between our positions and explains why acceptance of financialized approaches to conservation (in any of its guises) works to deepen the embedded nature of neoliberal ideology. (C) 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Geography and Global Change Science: Relationships Necessary, Absent, and Possible (2015) 🗎🗎

Initiated by geoscientists, the growing debate about the Anthropocene, planetary boundaries' and global tipping points' is a significant opportunity for geographers to reconfigure two things: one is the internal relationships among their discipline's many and varied perspectives (topical, philosophical, and methodological) on the real; the other the discipline's actual and perceived contributions to important issues in the wider society. Yet, without concerted effort and struggle, the opportunity is likely to be used in a safe' and rather predictable way by only a sub-set of human-environment geographers. The socio-environmental challenges of a post-Holocene world invite old narratives about Geography's holistic intellectual contributions to be reprised in the present. These narratives speak well to many geoscientists, social scientists, and decision-makers outside Geography. However, they risk perpetuating an emaciated conception of reality wherein Earth systems and social systems are seen as knowable and manageable if the right' ensemble of expertise is achieved. I argue that we need to get out from under the shadow of these long-standing narratives. Using suggestive examples, I make the case for forms of inquiry across the human-physical divide' that eschew ontological monism and that serve to reveal the many legitimate cognitive, moral, and aesthetic framings of Earth present and future. Geography is unusual in that the potential for these forms of inquiry to become normalised is high compared with other subjects. This potential will only be taken advantage of if certain human-environment geographers unaccustomed to engaging the world of geoscience and environmental policy change their modus operandi.

Governing our choices: 'proenvironmental behaviour' as a practice of government (2015) 🗎🗎

The concept of proenvironmental behaviour change (PBC) has been the subject of an increasing volume of research. Much of this has either sought to make PBC 'work better' or offered critiques of the concept. This paper uses an ethnography of the UK's Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs' Sustainable Behaviours Unit to understand PBC as a practice of government. Drawing on a governmentality framework, in this paper I explore how PBC can be thought of as a heterogeneous array of elements. I demonstrate not only the intellectual labours behind PBC but also how agents have sought to make it practicable. In exploring the coming together of PBC, I try to critically examine a practice which seeks to govern the way we 'choose to behave'.

Metabolic exchanges and practices of regulation: The assemblage of environment and society in early social sciences (2015) 🗎🗎

In this paper I discuss the way in which early sociology addressed the metabolic relationships between society and nature. Father founders of social science such as Comte, Spencer, Marx, Schaeffle, Lilienfeld, Giddings, Ward, Kidd, Geddes and some others shared a physiological vision of metabolism and all were concerned on the problem of social regulation of metabolism. On closer examination, early social sciences had realized that social and natural worlds are deeply interconnected even though they were trapped in the dilemma between mechanism and finalism. A metabolic perspective allows us to understand where the organic interchange between nature and society has problems endangering social reproduction. Yet, metabolism is not only a matter of physical sciences but also of social ones for it is ruled and driven by social agents. Given the set of practices, knowledge, and sociotechnical regimes that enable the metabolism, it is notable the almost entirely absence of a sociology of metabolic exchanges, of the manner in which social systems (towns, firms, households) consume "environment", i.e. matter, energy, and bio-capacity. The paper suggests that social scientists should investigate in the field of societal metabolic processes in an interdisciplinary perspective for exploring metabolic activators such as organized labor, consumption, and practice regimes as was suggested by early sociologists. (C) 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Implicating animals: the symbolic power of scapegoating animals in marine pollution debates (2015) 🗎🗎

Animals are often used as symbols in policy debates and media accounts of marine pollution. Images of miserable oil-soaked marine birds and mammals are prominent following high profile oil spills such as the Exxon Valdez, Prestige and Pacific Adventurer incidents. Portrayed as hapless victims, these animal actors are not only cast as powerful symbols of the effects of anthropogenic pollution but also represent an environment in crisis. Animals, like the broader environment, are seen as something which is acted upon. Less attention has been given to the ways in which animals have been cast as either the cause of marine pollution or as having the potential to actively mitigate the potential impacts of anthropogenic marine pollution. This article explores how animals are constructed with respect to vessel-sourced sewage pollution. Through a process of interpretive policy analysis, drawing on media reports and responses to an Australian regulatory review process this study found that, when defending the perceived right to pollute recreational boaters implicated animals such as dogs, fish, turtles, dolphins and seabirds in their pollution discourses. Scapegoating was an important rhetorical feature of claims-making strategies designed to avoid responsibility for changing sewage disposal practices.

Breaking promises and raising taxes: rhetorical path dependence and policy dysfunction in time (2016) 🗎🗎

Where historical institutionalists have stressed the path-dependent efficiencies that stabilise policy orders, their rationalist assumptions have increasingly obscured the scope for instability. To redress such oversights, I integrate historical institutionalist insights regarding incremental change with discursive institutionalist analyses of interpretive tensions in a way that accords with Daniel Kahneman's analyses of shifting fast'/principled and slow'/cognitive biases. The resulting framework posits that initial principled constructions of policy ideas are undermined where their subsequent intellectual conversion' limits flexibility and legitimacy. Empirically, I contrast the practices of George HW Bush and John Howard, as each broke anti-tax promises. Bush's intellectual justifications undermined his credibility, but Howard's principled justifications enabled his success. This analysis has implications for theories of institutional agency and dysfunction.

Taking the fun out of it: the spoiling effects of researching something you love (2016) 🗎🗎

This reflexive analysis of two sports ethnographers'studies of an aerobics class and a swimming pool explores the effects of doing fieldwork on a physical activity that one loves. While using our bodies as phenomenological sites of perception initially created an epistemological advantage, researching the familiarly beloved not only `took the fun out of'the activity, but also more profoundly challenged our 'exercise identities'. Emulating poor technique, enduring interactional awkwardness, and deep acting role performances, combined to take their toll, so that `going native'became a matter not just of intellectual disadvantage but of ontological destabilisation. Doing activity-based ethnography on something personally special is a double-edged sword: on the one hand elucidating awareness, but on the other depriving the researcher of pleasure and `spoiling'aspects of their identity.

Deep commoning: public folklore and environmental policy on a resource frontier (2016) 🗎🗎

This article explores the concept and practice of the commons as a holistic, multi-sectoral, cross-disciplinary framework for critical heritage work on resource frontiers. Drawing from my research on forest commoning in the Appalachian coalfields, I argue that land-based systems of commoning vital to communities in the path of resource extraction merit more attention from heritage workers. Commons tend to disappear through their atomization into siloed objects of study and stewardship. This disappearance, partly a function of reductionist, dualistic thinking, also signals a persistent colonialist myth of emptiness. I argue that the embodied, participatory field methods of public folklorists are particularly well-suited to the study and accreditation of land-based commons as heritage. Building on the idea of deep ecology', the notion of deep commoning' espouses our implication in worlds we bring into dialogue through the practice of public folklore as critical heritage work.

Stifling artificial intelligence: Human perils (2016) 🗎🗎

Although scientists have calculated the significant positive welfare effects of Artificial Intelligence (AI), fear mongering continues to hinder AI development. If regulations in this sector stifle our active imagination, we risk wasting the true potential of AIs dynamic efficiencies. Not only would Schumpeter dislike us for spoiling creative destruction, but the AI thinkers of the future would also rightfully see our efforts as the 'dark age' of human advancement. This article provides a brief philosophical introduction to artificial intelligence; categorizes artificial intelligence to shed light on what we have and know now and what we might expect from the prospective developments; reflects thoughts of worldwide famous thinkers to broaden our horizons; provides information on the attempts to regulate artificial intelligence from a legal perspective; and discusses how the legal approach needs to be to ensure the balance between artificial intelligence development and human control over them, and to ensure friendly artificial intelligence. (C) 2016 Gonenc Gurkaynak, Ilay Yilmaz & Gunes Haksever.

The generational brain: Introduction (2016) 🗎🗎

In contemporary society, the image of the flexible brain and the notion of neuroplasticity are increasingly replacing that of the static mature brain. Brains and neurons are considered to be constantly generated and regenerated. Age cohort comparisons and longitudinal studies introduce a developmental perspective to the field. However, these articulations and investigations occur within a sociopolitical field marked by vested interests and the celebration of all things neural. Utilizing the notion of the generational brain, we propose that it is fruitful to exploit the polysemity of the word generation, as well as the historicity of scientific concepts and methods, to interrogate and re/formulate questions currently addressed in developmental neuroscience in particular and neuroscience in general. This special issue's contributions provide an early impression of what a critical friendship with developmental neuroscience, aware of its sociocultural and epistemological implications as well as the historicity of concepts, may look like.

Collegial "nests" can foster critical thinking, innovative ideas, and scientific progress (2016) 🗎🗎

How can management and strategy scholars organize to generate more productive, more innovative, and more impactful research? With appropriate cultures and leaders, small and egalitarian discussion groups that we call collegial nests can become powerful generators of innovative ideas and creators of extraordinary scholars. Collegial nests need cultures that free participants to think critically, to cherish new viewpoints, and to speak freely without fear of ridicule. They also need leaders who model such cultures and facilitate frequent discussions. Two case examples illustrate how productive collegial nests can create better science and better scientists. To generate scientific innovation and progress on a large scale, many autonomous groups tackling related issues are desirable. Modern communication technology is making it feasible for groups to operate over large distances and to coordinate with each other at very low cost. Collegial nests offer greater potential for enhancing scholarly productivity and innovation than do attempts to regulate scholarship via hierarchical structures. Multiplicity can lower the probability of wasting resources on low-yield paths, egalitarian control can reduce the influence of vested interests, and a combination of shared goals and partial autonomy can integrate enthusiasm with sensible risk taking.

Online discourse of masculinities in transnational football fandom: Chinese Arsenal fans' talk around "gaofushuai' and "diaosi' (2016) 🗎🗎

This study examines the constructions of masculine discourse by Chinese fans of European football through online discussions. A critical discourse analysis of 50 online discussions by Chinese Arsenal fans shows how these fans use gaofushuai' and diaosi' to reproduce, contest, and racialize the dominant masculine order originally embedded in these two masculine terms. It also discovers these fans' enactment of fluid gender identities in their self-reference to the terms during interactions. Yet the patriarchal assumption still prevails in their discursive struggles, forming football and its fandom as completely gendered practices. This complex process is seen as the negotiation between the globalized European football culture and the local cultural meanings for Chinese masculinities. It offers implications for how the cyberspace of transnational sports fandom can form a site for discursive struggles over the hegemonic masculinity in contemporary China.

Comparative Legal Research and Legal Culture: Facts, Approaches, and Values (2016) 🗎🗎

This article seeks to provide an overview of how the controversial concept of legal culture has been used so as to clarify its potential role in further developing comparative studies of law in society. It shows that the term is currently given a variety of meanings, ranging from treating it as a variable that explains the turn to law, to exploring law as culture in different settings. As a way of moving forward, attention should be given to what is assumed or asserted by given authors with respect to three key issues: the kind of facts that are thought to make up legal culture, the chosen approach within which the concept is deployed, and the normative aspects of the enquiry. It ends by revisiting Chanock's The Making of South African Legal Culture so as to show how this framework can help reveal the theoretical underpinnings and contribution of a leading case study.

Augusto Graziani's Equilibrio generale ed equilibrio macroeconomico: a key milestone in a long journey out of the neoclassical mainstream (2016) 🗎🗎

Educated in the best Italian cultural and economic tradition, Augusto Graziani was a scholar of great finesse and erudition. These qualities come out clearly in Equilibrio generale ed equilibrio macroeconomico (1965a), interpreted here as the initial step in a process that eventually brought Graziani to the final rejection of methodological individualism and the reconstruction of microeconomics on macroeconomic bases achieved with The Monetary Theory of Production (2003). In his 1965 book, Graziani shows that, save for the Sraffian-Kaldorian heterodox alternative, extending Walras to dynamics in a multisectoral framework requires assumptions logically equivalent to those of single good models. This also points implicitly towards the need of interpreting the mainstream temporary equilibrium method in terms of path dependency when it refers to multiple sectors, and thus precludes that it converges towards a 'plain', long-term intertemporal general equilibrium. The latter is a notion generally associated with the name of Walras and early marginalists, but which owes much to later developments by Hayek, Lindahl and Hicks. For the single period, Graziani's work on the monetary circuit can be read as an original variant of the monetary temporary equilibrium of Myrdal, where money and debt, combined with errors in exogenous expectations, explain the path-dependency of short-term equilibria. For continuation analysis, this is completed with insights from Wicksell, Schumpeter, Marx and Kalecki, whereby the circuit provides a simple explanation of the Keynesian fallacy of composition critique of microeconomics. But the book is also an important contribution to an Italian debate on capital theory, which emerged mainly in Il Giornale degli Economisti in the 1960s, in parallel with the more cosmopolitan 'two Cambridge capital controversies' that developed at the same time in the top American and British journals. Both originated in Sraffa's famous 1960 contribution and should thus be examined together.

Temporal Events and Problem Structuring (2016) 🗎🗎

Problems come with a history and sometimes an assumed future. Our understanding of the past and our assumptions of the future shape the way we structure problems. In this paper, we explore how the past and the future might influence temporality in problem structuring and identify the utility of linkage theory in providing temporal understanding. Data for this paper are derived from trade treaty negotiations conducted by the USA and Singapore (2000-2003), Australia and Singapore (2000-2003) and Australia and the USA (2003-2004). These three negotiations, occurring concurrently or consecutively in time, allow us to examine a temporal quality to problem-structuring through linkage theory. This study enriches our understanding of the problem-structuring methods literature by focusing on how temporal issues play a role in how problems are structured. The negotiation context described earlier is used as an exemplar of how temporal issues affect problem structuring. Our aim is to begin a discussion on how and if a temporal perspective can be handled methodologically. Copyright (C) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

From sexation to sexualization: dispersed submission in the racialized global sex industry (2016) 🗎🗎

This article introduces two new concepts-dispersed submission (DS) and sexation-in an interrogation of the general structures and nuanced practices of the global sex industry. There is considerable stress on the ways in which practices of domination during colonialism set up a form of racio-gendered 'path dependence' now imbricated in the current neoliberal global political economy. The arguments emerge from both material practices and careful consideration of the extant literature on the subject. One of the most significant aspects of the article is the effort to go beyond the already rich literature on the trafficking-sex-worker binary debate. Methodologically, the article employs a spacio-temporal model much informed by the work of Frantz Fanon and Fernand Braudel of the French Annales.

Material Inheritances: How Place, Materiality, and Labor Process Underpin the Path-dependent Evolution of Contemporary Craft Production (2016) 🗎🗎

This article explores the historic-geographic evolution of contemporary craft production, with sensitivity to materiality of labor process, product design, and accompanying place mythologies. Craft production-increasingly interpolated as a form of creative work-is shaped by concerns about retrieving archaic tools and ways of making things, celebrating provenance and the haptic skills of makers, and delivering (and marketing) manual labor process. In contrast to evolutionary economic geography's seeming immateriality and abstraction, attention is drawn to material aspects of place and path dependence that undergird geographies of new craft industries: how labor process evolves, in iteration with technical lock-ins that stem from production method, product design, and capacities of component materials, but also how legacies of mass manufacturing linger in putatively authentic places-shaping new geographic concentrations. An especially vivid case is explored: a cluster of cowboy bootmaking workshops in El Paso,Texas. Bootmaking has metamorphosed from artisanal to factory to a craft-based creative mode of production. Crucial were continuity in product design and evolution of labor process. So, too, was geography: an iconic borderland city location with historic legacies of labor intensive mass manufacturing; migrant workers with requisite embodied skills; antique tools; and significant stocks of leather, the core input material that must be seen, felt, and smelt by makers before fabrication. I argue for a grounded, critical evolutionary economic geography that requires stronger intersection with labor process, with the cultural logics infusing capitalism, and with greater recognition of material inheritances that are reconfigured in place over successive generations.

Checks and balances outside the government: an introduction to the symposium (2016) 🗎🗎

The symposium brings together case studies that are all about reasonably successful experiments in institution building and policy making by interactions between public and private spheres. The cases deal with the provision of information enabling market to perform, law making, and the control of political discretion and public bureaus. Each in its own way, they show how agents have room for some reasoned choice, although eventually this room for choice is narrowed by the emergence of stabilized institutions that come to shape in a rather permanent way the environment within which they later operate. The common characteristic across these case studies is the non-Parliamentarian process through which process of experimentation, rationalization and institutionalization takes place. Journal of Comparative Economics 44 (2) (2016) 400-403. Universite Paris Dauphine, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR 7088, DRM, Place du Marechal de Lattre de Tassigny 75016 Paris, France; Sciences Po - C.E.R.I. 56 Rue Jacob, 75006 Paris, France. (C) 2016 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of Association for Comparative Economic Studies.

Law as Information in the Era of Data-Driven Agency (2016) 🗎🗎

This contribution introduces the mathematical theory of information that 'informs' computer systems, the internet and all that has been built upon it. The aim of the author is to invite lawyers to reconsider the grammar and alphabet of modern positive law and of the Rule of Law, in the face of the alternative grammar and alphabet of a data-driven society. Instead of either embracing or rejecting the technological transitions that reconfigure the operations of the law, this article argues that lawyers should collaborate with the computer scientists that engineer and design the affordances of our new onlife world. This is crucial if we want to sustain democratic participation in law-making, contestability of legal effect and transparency of how citizens may be manipulated by the invisible computational backbone of our rapidly and radically changing world.

Natural capital, unnatural markets? (2016) 🗎🗎

This short opinion article is intended to provoke debate around the use of market mechanisms and financial incentives as strategies to mitigate climate change and other ecological issues. It does so by synthesizing schools of thought that critique the naturalization' of the market and examining these within the context of environmental politics. The article first briefly reviews the most serious criticisms of market-and incentive-based approaches to environmental issues, drawing upon literature from sociology, (steady-state) economics, and moral and political philosophy as well as recent empirical evidence from behavioral psychology. Subsequently, with reference to anthropological observations and a number of political theorists (Michael Foucault, David Graeber and others), it outlines the contradiction between the 'naturalization' of the market (i.e., the market as a phenomena that emerges spontaneously from natural human self-interest) and the explicit function of the state within neoliberalism to construct markets and market subjects. Finally, an argument is presented that some sectors of the environmental movement have been captured (implicitly and perhaps begrudgingly) by a naturalized vision of the market and hence, inadvertently, are supporting neoliberalism in extending market relations and cultivating market subjects. (C) 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

The Rift between Science and Humanism What's Data Got to Do with It? (2016) 🗎🗎

The greatest division in our field between a more scientific anthropology and a humanistic one lies largely along theoretical lines. However, the debate over the use and value of etic data, observer-oriented objective data measured from the outside for explanation, and emic data, actor-oriented subjective data from the inside for interpretation, has also been vehement. Here, a case study comparing violence among the Ju/'hoansi (!Kung) Bushmen of the Kalahari and Enga of Papua New Guinea is used to show (1) how cultural institutions structure aggression and violence, for better or for worse, and (2) how the complementary use of data from the inside and outside is essential for understanding cultural institutions and their effect on cognition, motives, emotions, and corresponding actions and social selection pressures. A challenge for anthropology will be to work out how to collect and apply data from the inside so that it can be used systematically to help interpret and contextualize data collected by external observers. Such efforts will require understanding of how knowledge is generated, distributed, exchanged, and controlled.

Major problems in evolutionary transitions: how a metabolic perspective can enrich our understanding of macroevolution (2016) 🗎🗎

The model of major transitions in evolution (MTE) devised by Maynard Smith and Szathmary has exerted tremendous influence over evolutionary theorists. Although MTE has been criticized for inconsistently combining different types of event, its ongoing appeal lies in depicting hierarchical increases in complexity by means of evolutionary transitions in individuality (ETIs). In this paper, we consider the implications of major evolutionary events overlooked by MTE and its ETI-oriented successors, specifically the biological oxygenation of Earth, and the acquisitions of mitochondria and plastids. By reflecting on these missed events, we reveal a central philosophical disagreement over the explanatory goals of major transitions theory that has yet to be made explicit in the literature. We go on to argue that this philosophical disagreement is only reinforced by Szathmary's recent revisions of MTE in the form of MTE 2.0. This finding motivates us to propose an alternative explanatory strategy: specifically, an interactionist metabolic perspective on major transitions. A metabolic framework not only avoids many of the criticisms that beset classic and revised MTE models, but also accommodates missing events and provides crucial explanatory components for standard major transitions. Although we do not provide a full-blown alternative theory and do not claim to achieve unity, we explain why foregrounding metabolism is crucial for any attempt to capture the major turning points in evolution, and why it does not lead to unmanageable pluralism.

Penetrating spaces: a social semiotic, multimodal analysis of performance as rape prevention (2016) 🗎🗎

Penetrating spaces examines how movement is used as a semiotic resource to transform the meaning potential of the installation space Spreading the Love. This transformation underscores the rewriting of the script of rape, a scripted interaction that draws upon, yet also creates, social configurations of sexuality and gender. Being a "script", it can be rewritten, or transformed, by playing socially constructed roles differently. Drawing on performance studies theory and adopting a multimodal, social semiotic and metafunctional approach, we suggest that movement of the participants in relation to the installation and of the performance itself to different venues changes the organizational, interactional, and representational meanings of the installation, and that these changes transform the script of rape. Organizationally, participants move from one location to another so that marginalized voices become central to the destabilization of the script of rape. Interactionally, the dialogic nature of the installation enables members of the public to become the authoritative voice, "rewriting" new scripts that assert ethical relationships. Representationally, we examine how spectators can transform themselves into performers, thereby questioning the conventional participatory roles in the script of rape.

The evolution of the law of indirect expropriation and its application to oil and gas investments (2016) 🗎🗎

While a case-by-case method for the determination of indirect expropriation is a practical method and is somehow the governing method given the inconsistency in arbitral practice, it is argued whether an attempt to set out a clear, consistent and appropriate method must be encouraged by tribunals. Jan Paulsson (and before him G C Christie) correctly emphasize that there is no 'magical formula' or "particular analysis" that can be applied at all times or in all circumstances, but a question arises as to whether there must be a general basis or common method that sets out the minimal requirements of indirect expropriation. Putting to one-side cases which deal with non-discriminatory regulation for public welfare objectives, a number of questions have become critical to the finding of indirect expropriation in light of the recent case law.

Accessing Creativity: Jungian Night Sea Journeys, Wandering Minds, and Chaos (2016) 🗎🗎

NDS theory has been meaningfully applied to the dynamics of creativity and psychology. These complex systems have much in common, including a broad definition of "product" as new order emerging from disorder, a new whole (etymologically, "health") out of disintegration or destabilization. From a nonlinear dynamical systems perspective, this paper explores the far-from-equilibrium zone of creative incubation: first in the Jungian night sea journey, a primordial myth of psychological and creative transformation; then in the neuroscience of mind wandering, the wellspring of creative ideation within the larger neural matrix. Finally, chaos theory grounds the elusive subject of creativity, modeling chaotic generation of idea elements that tend toward strange attractors, combine unpredictably, and produce change by means of tension between opposites, particularly noetic consciousness (light) and the poetic unconscious (darkness). Examples from my own artwork illustrate this dialectical process. Considered together, the unconscious mythic sea journey, the unknowing wandering mind, and the generative paradigm of deterministic chaos suggest conditions that facilitate creativity across disciplines, providing fresh indications that the darkness of the unknown or irrational is, paradoxically, the illuminative source and strength of creativity.

Forensic Technologies in Music Copyright (2016) 🗎🗎

The essay explores some recent controversies in British music copyright through the evolving technologies used to perform or play music in the courtroom. Whilst the conceptual tension between cases has caused doctrinal anxiety about the effect of popular music in copyright, the essay contends that the recent stream of music copyright cases can be considered from a historical perspective, taking into account the tools, materials and experts as they featured in court. In doing so, the essay connects a history of legal expertise to the emergence of new technologies whilst arguing that legal knowledge about music copyright was, in fact, stabilized in the courtroom.

Taking Responsibility into all Matter: Engaging Levinas for the climate of the 21st Century (2016) 🗎🗎

This paper works with Levinasian thought to ask how principles of responsibility can be engaged for the twenty-first century crisis of climate destabilization, and other matters of injustice and exploitation. A case is made for extending an ethics of responsibility from a human-centered view to include humans as interdependent with nature. After a selective review of responsibility as inaugurating an ontology of otherwise-than-being, consideration is given to the phenomenology of the face-to-face relation and to notions of a teaching relation, to knowledge and to Levinas' notion of justice, in line with the philosophical and educational interests of this journal. The prospect of society constituted on responsibility is brought to life in a brief reference to Maori society and indigenous thought. An interpretation of quantum theory is also introduced because of its analogies with the inter-related world view of indigenous thought. These all point to relationality which antecedes the ontology of being. While much is made of Levinas' work on the face, this paper argues that it is in principles of ethics that break with totality, and Levinas' notions of transcendence and infinity rather than the face per se that enable us to broaden the scope of reference for Levinasian ethics. Levinasian ethics question the stronghold of liberal humanistic goals in educational vision, and open a horizon of the shared destiny of humans and nature-an 'eco-pedagogy.' The paper draws these threads together to consider their relevance to education for sustainability.

The European politics of animal experimentation: From Victorian Britain to 'Stop Vivisection' (2017) 🗎🗎

This paper identifies a common political struggle behind debates on the validity and permissibility of animal experimentation, through an analysis of two recent European case studies: the Italian implementation of the European Directive 2010/63/EC regulating the use of animals in science, and the recent European Citizens' Initiative (ECI) ' Stop Vivisection'. Drawing from a historical parallel with Victorian antivivisectionism, we highlight important threads in our case studies that mark the often neglected specificities of debates on animal experimentation. From the representation of the sadistic scientist in the XIX century, to his/her claimed capture by vested interests and evasion of public scrutiny in the contemporary cases, we show that animals are not simply the focus of the debate, but also a privileged locus at which much broader issues are being raised about science, its authority, accountability and potential misalignment with public interest. By highlighting this common socio-political conflict underlying public controversies around animal experimentation, our work prompts the exploration of modes of authority and argumentation that, in establishing the usefulness of animals in science, avoid reenacting the traditional divide between epistemic and political fora. (C) 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.

A theory of regime change on the Texas Coastal Plain (2017) 🗎🗎

The adaptive cycle, a seminal component of resilience theory, is a powerful model that archaeologists use to understand the persistence and transformation of prehistoric societies. In this paper, we argue that resilience theory will have a more enduring explanatory role in archaeology if scholars can build on the initial insights of the adaptive cycle model and create more contextualized hypotheses of socialecological change. By contextualized hypotheses we mean testable hypotheses that specify: (1) the form of the connections among people and ecological elements and how those connections change; and (2) the resilience-vulnerability tradeoffs associated with changes in the networks and institutions that link social and ecological processes. To develop such a contextualized hypothesis, we combine our knowledge of the prehistory of the Texas Coastal Plain (TCP), mathematical modeling, and the concept of panarchy to study why human societies successfully cope with the interrelated forces of globalization, population growth, and climate change, and, sometimes, fail to cope with these interrelated forces. Our hypothesis is that, in response to population growth, hunter-gatherers on the TCP created increasingly dense social networks that allowed individuals to maintain residual access to important sources of food. While this was a good strategy for individuals to maintain a reliable supply of food in a variable environment, increasingly elaborate social networks created a panarchy of reachable forager-resource systems. The panarchy of forager-resource systems on the TCP created a hidden fragility: The potential for the failure of resources in one system to cascade from system-to-system across the entire TCP. We propose that this occurred around 700 years BP, causing a 6000 year old ritual and mortuary complex to reorganize. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd and INQUA. All rights reserved.

Attitude Roots and Jiu Jitsu Persuasion: Understanding and Overcoming the Motivated Rejection of Science (2017) 🗎🗎

There is a worryingly large chasm between scientific consensus and popular opinion. Roughly one third of Americans are skeptical that humans are primarily responsible for climate change; rates of some infectious diseases are climbing in the face of anti-immunization beliefs; and significant numbers of the population worldwide are antievolution creationists. It is easy to assume that resistance to an evidence-based message is a result of ignorance or failure to grasp evidence (the "deficit model" of science communication). But increasingly, theorists understand there are limits to this approach, and that if people are motivated to reject science, then repeating evidence will have little impact. In an effort to create a transtheoretical language for describing these underlying motivations, we introduce the notion of "attitude roots." Attitude roots are the underlying fears, ideologies, worldviews, and identity needs that sustain and motivate specific "surface" attitudes like climate skepticism and creationism. It is the antiscience attitude that people hear and see, but it is the attitude root-what lies under the surface-that allows the surface attitudes to survive even when they are challenged by evidence. We group these attitude roots within 6 themes-worldviews, conspiratorial ideation, vested interests, personal identity expression, social identity needs, and fears and phobias-and review literature relevant to them. We then use these insights to develop a "jiu jitsu" model of persuasion that places emphasis on creating change by aligning with (rather than competing with) these attitude roots.

The ethos of the contemporary knowledge worker (2017) 🗎🗎

This article reflects on the ethos of the contemporary knowledge worker and its relevance for the sciences of the spirit today as explored by Alan Liu in his book The laws of cool: knowledge work and the culture of information. According to him the tone of contemporary life needs repair. Why and what does this mean? Something must be wrong, but what? If one reads between the lines it may have to do with "the ethos of 'unknowing'", referring to what has been, in the framework of this ethos, abandoned through "creative destruction" (the established, the customary, the familiar, the comfortable), and to what has vanished in terms of "cool" (when cool is interpreted as the techno-informatic vanishing point of contemporary aesthetic, psychology, morality, politics, spirituality, and everything): the disastrous consequences of "an ethos of unknowing". In brief it can be stated that it is about the absence of or loss of insight and wisdom in favour of calculation. The ethos of unknowing puts obstacles in the way of knowing; it forbids access to certain domains of knowledge; it reflects the culture of "creative destruction". This refers specifically to the currently forbidden domains of the sciences of the spirit, to the deeper senses of knowledge. These deeper senses of knowledge are disturbing factors to the flow of information and therefore it must itself be disturbed, even fatally if possible. These manifestations are all linked: This is the contemporary tone of life that characterises societies in desperate need of repair. To help with this required repair it would be necessary to inform well. In order to inform well in such a way that the tone of contemporary life can be repaired, we have to accept the challenge posed by "the ethos of informationalism" with its focus on "creative destruction" (Castells) and with its solid involvement with operationalisation (Lash) and with the pertinent implication of "an ethos of unknowing". For this purpose a counter-ethos is suggested by Liu when he inverted the question of Castells: The question should not be What is the ethical foundation of the network enterprise or spirit of informationalism, but rather what ethical foundation enables identities to live an un-networked, and counter-informational fantasy within the spirit of informationalism? What room may there be for a counter-ethos within the dominant ethos of informationalism? Although this spirit cannot be escaped the struggle remains within it in order to overcome its absolutised position that can only materialise when a life-informing attitude provides the inspiration towards "destructive creation". What is this life-informing attitude? It should be an attitude that does not primarily focus on needs of whatever nature, or on problems in isolation. The life-informing attitude is comprehensive and all-inclusive in nature and should focus on sense-giving and care-taking that involves the whole person in a whole world. This is where spirituality comes into the picture: wisdom is needed Hereby emphasis is put on the capacity humans have, and only humans, to be life-informing beings. That is precisely why the position and presence of the sciences of the spirit ought to be non-negotiable. What is the deepseated inspiration and mindset of the life-informing attitude? The answer is: an awareness of and an indulgence in the ethos of the unknown that refers to the imagination of the age of knowledge work, in other words to the capacity humans possess to penetrate right into what lies beyond it, and to what it does remind us of as well as to what we can only dream about or fantasise about. This is the reason why a counter informational fantasy is necessary here a fantasy about the currently forbidden domains or activities of the sciences of the spirit. It is almost a matter of the absolutisation of the incalculable. We have to reintroduce what is abandoned and what has vanished away, what is forbidden and what is forgotten: comprehension, meaning, care the spiritual, in other words and life in particular, a poetics of life.

Destructive creation: capital accumulation and the structural violence of tourism (2017) 🗎🗎

Tourism is not merely a capitalist practice but a central practice through which capitalism sustains itself. Precisely how tourism "products" become capital and the types of violence this process entails, however, has not yet been systematically theorized or investigated. Building on Noel Castree's six principles of commodification, we explore how tourism becomes capital, understood as "value in motion", and how this process not only provokes various forms of material violence but can become a form of (structural) violence in its own right. Based on research in tourism settings in Southern Africa and Latin America and general trends in international tourism, we argue that three integrated forms of structural violence to both humans and non-human natures are especially prominent, namely the systematic production of inequalities, waste and "spaces of exception". As a global industry crucially dependent on integrated material and discursive forms of value creation, we also show that these forms of structural violence are often rendered invisible through branding. We conclude that tourism uniquely combines these three forms of structural violence to enable a move from Schumpeter's famous creative destruction to "destructive creation" as a key form of violence under capitalism.

The Vested Interests and the Evolving Moral Economy of the Common People (2017) 🗎🗎

The British historian Edward P. Thompson ([1971, 1991] 1993) developed the concept of moral economy to analyze the food riot in eighteenthcentury England. I aim to elaborate on the concept of moral economy of the common people by combining Thompson's insights with those developed by Veblenian institutional economists. I highlight the commonalities between Thompsonian history and Veblenian economics in terms of both questions addressed and methodological principles endorsed. Finally, I emphasize the complementarities between these two bodies of work, and suggest some ways to exploit them in order to better understand the evolution of the moral economy of the common people over time.

Slow science, the geographical expedition, and Critical Physical Geography (2017) 🗎🗎

Physical Geography has evolved to become a highly productive mainstream natural science, delivering on the metrics required by the accounting systems dominating the neoliberal University. I argue that the result has been: (1) a crisis of over-production (of more articles than we are capable of consuming); (2) a risk of under-production (growing scarcity in our ability to produce the research questions needed to sustain our productivity); and (3) a disciplinary fix involving either pursuit of the problem-solving implicit in the neoliberal impact agenda or creative destruction, aligning ourselves less with geography and more with the natural sciences. Using Isabelle Stengers' critique of 21(st)-century science, I argue for a slowing down in Physical Geography, by changing how we relate to the subjects that we study. I use the ideas of William Bunge to discuss the notion of geographical expedition as a means of achieving slow science, even if expedition is a term to be used cautiously. I illustrate these points from one of my own projects to show how slow science may allow creation of those moments that might lead to a more creative and critical Physical Geography centred on the very curiosity that makes being a scientist so interesting.

Endogenous innovation: the creative response (2017) 🗎🗎

The limits of both evolutionary approaches, based upon biological metaphors, and the new growth theory based on the early economics of knowledge, are becoming apparent. Considerable progress can be made by implementing an evolutionary complexity approach that builds upon the legacy of Schumpeter [1947a. 'The Creative Response in Economic History'. The Journal of Economic History 7 (2): 149-159] with the notions of: (i) reactive decision-making; (ii) multiple feedback; (iii) innovation as the outcome of an emergent system process rather than individual action; (iv) organized complexity and knowledge connectivity; (v) endogenous variety; (vi) non-ergodic path dependent dynamics. Building upon these bases, the paper articulates an endogenous theory of innovation centered upon the analysis of the systemic conditions that make the creative reaction and hence the introduction of innovations possible.

Appropriation, Activation and Acceleration: The Escalatory Logics of Capitalist Modernity and the Crises of Dynamic Stabilization (2017) 🗎🗎

The paper starts by identifying dynamic stabilization as a defining feature of modern societies. This term refers to the fact that such a society requires (material) growth, (technological) augmentation and high rates of (cultural) innovation in order to reproduce its structure and to preserve the socioeconomic and political status quo. The subsequent sections explore the mechanisms and consequences of this mode of social reproduction, proceeding in three steps. First, three key aspects or 'motors' of dynamization are identified, namely the mechanisms of (socio-economic) appropriation, (socio-cultural) acceleration and (socio-political) activation. In the second step, we argue that this 'Triple-A-Mode' of dynamic stabilization necessarily entails a logic of incessant escalation which eventually threatens to undermine itself, leading to a multifaceted process of destabilization. Unmistakable signs of this can be seen in the current financial, democratic, ecological and psychosocial crises. The third and last part briefly and very preliminarily sketches out the possible contours of a 'post-growth' society which could move beyond the current mode of dynamic stabilization.

What We Know About Games: A Scientometric Approach to Game Studies in the 2000s (2017) 🗎🗎

This article proposes a reflexive approach on the scientific production in the field of game studies in recent years. It relies on a sociology of science perspective to answer the question: What are game studies really about? Relying on scientometric and lexicometric tools, we analyze the metadata and content of a corpus of articles from the journals Games Studies and Games & Culture and of Digital Games Research Association (DiGRA) proceedings. We show that published researches have been studying only a limited set of game genres and that they especially focus on online games. We then expose the different ways game studies are talking about games through a topic model analysis of our corpus. We test two hypotheses to explain the concentration of research on singular objects: path dependence and trading zone. We describe integrative properties of the focus on common objects but stress also the scientific limits met by this tendency.

Politics and "the digital': From singularity to specificity (2017) 🗎🗎

The relationship between politics and the digital has largely been characterized as one of epochal change. The respective theories understand the digital as external to politics and society, as an autonomous driver for global, unilateral transformation. Rather than supporting such singular accounts of the relationship between politics and the digital, this article argues for its specificity: the digital is best examined in terms of folds within existing socio-technical configurations, and as an artefact with a set of affordances that are shaped and filled with meaning by social practice. In conceptualizing the digital as numeric, countable, computable, material, storable, searchable, transferable, networkable and traceable, fabricated and interpreted, it becomes clear that the digital cannot be divorced from the social. These affordances of the digital are discussed in relation to specific political, digital practices that are further developed in the different contributions in this special issue, such as predictive policing (Aradau and Blanke, this issue), data protection (Bellanova, this issue), extremist recruitment videos (Leander, this issue), political acclamation (Dean, this issue), and pandemic simulations (Opitz, this issue).

Gouldian arguments and the sources of contingency (2017) 🗎🗎

'Gouldian arguments' appeal to the contingency of a scientific domain to establish that domain's autonomy from some body of theory. For instance, pointing to evolutionary contingency, Stephen Jay Gould suggested that natural selection alone is insufficient to explain life on the macroevolutionary scale. In analysing contingency, philosophers have provided source-independent accounts, understanding how events and processes structure history without attending to the nature of those events and processes. But Gouldian Arguments require source-dependent notions of contingency. An account of contingency is source-dependent when it is indexed to (1) some pattern (i.e., microevolution or macroevolution) and (2) some process (i.e., Natural Selection, species sorting, etc.). Positions like Gould's do not turn on the mere fact of life's contingency-that life's shape could have been different due to its sensitivity to initial conditions, path-dependence or stochasticity. Rather, Gouldian arguments require that the contingency is due to particular kinds of processes: in this case, those which microevolutionary theory cannot account for. This source-dependent perspective clarifies both debates about the nature and importance of contingency, and empirical routes for testing Gould's thesis.

ON THE (POLITICAL) ORIGIN OF 'CORPORATE GOVERNANCE' SPECIES (2017) 🗎🗎

Although economies, business practices and living standards have converged since WWII, corporate structures continue to differ among the advanced economies of the world. Looking at the diversity of corporate structures of large-sized firms around the world (and over time) would fascinate Charles Darwin. This work develops a critical review of the literature on political determinants of corporate governance through the Darwinian theory (including some Lamarckian aspects). As Darwin, in his work On the Origin of Species, explicates the diversity of species of tortoises, finches and iguanas of the Galapagos Islands, so Darwinism may contribute in understanding the origin and the persistence of corporate diversity. In particular, this paper takes into account politics-driven variations, their inheritances, and the subsequent selection of advantageous corporate' attributes.

Processual Explanation (2017) 🗎🗎

This article outlines a methodology of processual explanation. Amenable to a wide range of research objects as well as social theories, this methodology allows for generalized conclusions on a higher level of abstraction. We argue that a processual explanation of empirical cases requires two modes of temporal reconstruction, basic and complex. Whereas basic reconstruction provides a detailed description of sequences of events, complex reconstruction captures interlacing and interfering sequences. Taken together, these sequences and their interlacements as well as interferences constitute the needed explanation of the phenomenon focused on. The methodology is based on two empirical case studies: ( a) mass shootings and ( b) the rise of the field of empirical educational research. In both cases, the temporal concept of the turning-point is central to their processual explanation. The research agenda that follows from this article is the integration of further temporal concepts into this methodology.

Reflecting on Jens Rasmussen's legacy (2) behind and beyond, a 'constructivist turn' (2017) 🗎🗎

This article is the second part of a study on the legacy of Jens Rasmussen. The first article, subtitled 'A Strong Program for a Hard Problem', looks back on his 30 years of scientific contribution, from 1969 to 2000. This second article explores and investigates some of the intellectual roots which influenced his thinking, using them as a basis to understand some limits and move forward. Indeed, historically oriented studies such as this one are not only tributes to researchers, but a way to differentiate and contrast our present situation with the past in order to integrate contemporary trends, be they theoretical or empirical, or oriented towards research and new models. In the first section of this article, I offer a synthesis of the background covered in the previous article, but I use a tree here as a graphical complement. Branches of the tree show the many fruitful directions opened by Jens Rasmussen, directions which inspired many researchers. In the second part, I address what I believe to be behind this wealth of engineering legacy: cybernetics. I contend that cybernetics has had a profound influence on his thinking and provided him key principles for his inspiring and successful models. To develop the tree image, one might say that cybernetics is the trunk of the tree. Finally, in the third part, I take the opportunity to explore the relevance of extending and sensitising his program to constructivist discourses. After an introduction to this discourse, identifying four types of constructivisms (cognitive, social, epistemological and anthropological), I characterise this move as a 'constructivist turn'. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

History and Organizational Change (2017) 🗎🗎

This research commentary introduces historical consciousness to studying organizational change. Most theories of organizational change contain within them implicit assumptions about history. Made explicit, these assumptions tend to cluster into different models of change that vary by the assumed objectivity of the past and the associated malleability of the future. We explore and elaborate the implicit assumptions of history. We identify four implicit models of history in the change literature: History-as-Fact, History-as-Power, History-as-Sensemaking, and History-as-Rhetoric. We discuss the implications of theorizing organizational change from each of these views of history and outline future directions for studying change with a heightened understanding of history.

Living Well: ideas for reinventing the future (2017) 🗎🗎

In various parts of the world, growing and serious problems, especially economic, social and environmental, are increasingly calling into question the conventional ideas of progress. The lives of human beings are in danger. We are in 'the age of survival', a sort of crossroads in which the future of the human species is defined. That is why alternatives that exceed the dominant concepts typical of Modernity are arising from many sectors and places. Above all, natives are determined to recover their origins and even to strengthen their ancestral practices, from their past to project into the future. And there are those who try to build bridges between these different shores, from which it may be possible to build other worlds where life with dignity for all beings existing on the planet is a possibility.

Crowded Advocacy: Framing Dynamic in the Fracking Controversy in New York (2017) 🗎🗎

In the hydrofracturing controversy in New York advocates hotly contested notions of the problem, what should be done, by whom, and how. This controversy can be characterized as "crowded advocacy," involving intense mobilization and counter-mobilization of advocates with competing perspectives. Extant theories about the expansion of advocacy organizations are unclear about how advocates' interactions shape the policy arena, particularly when there is competition within and across multiple coalitions. This article contributes by asking: How do advocates' interactive framing dynamics shape public discourse when advocacy is crowded? It assumes that advocacy in general, and framing in particular, evolves as advocates respond to each other. I find that competing "discourse coalitions" collectively influence public discourse by articulating divergent notions of (1) what constitutes credible knowledge, (2) who can speak with authority on the issues, and (3) what institutional arrangements should be activated to manage risks. The consequence is that advocates have to react to others' framing on these issues-to defend their knowledge, their credibility, and specific institutions, rather than arguing their case on the merits. The implication is that advocacy is not only the means of influence (strategy) but also creates the context of advocacy in particular ways in a crowded field.

Shared Responsibility and Issues of Injustice and Harm within Sport (2017) 🗎🗎

The purpose of this article is to present a conceptual model of shared responsibility within the sport context. Focusing on issues of harm and injustice, this model proposes that organized sport can exist as an oppressive social structure that endorses ignorance through the presence of asymmetrical power relations. This ignorance reinforces oppressive structures as well as fosters vulnerability, a byproduct that, in turn, also reinforces oppressive structures. Rather than assigning responsibility to any one entity specifically, however, this article proposes that each and every individual with a vested interest in sport possess some degree of responsibility in securing safe, fair, and just sport experiences. Thus, the concept of shared responsibility is offered as a moderating factor through which the processes that result from oppressive structures may be interrupted and the structures themselves broken down.

The purpose of United Nations Security Council practice: Contesting competence claims in the normative context created by the Responsibility to Protect (2017) 🗎🗎

Practice theory provides important insights into the workings of the Security Council. The contribution is currently limited, however, by the conjecture that practice theory operates on a different analytical plane' to norm/normative theory. Building on existing critiques, we argue that analysing practices separately from normative positions risks misappropriating competence and reifying practice that is not fit for purpose. This risk is realized in Adler-Nissen and Pouliot's practice-based account of the Libya crisis. By returning the normative context created by the Responsibility to Protect to the analytical foreground, and by drawing on a pragmatic conception of ethical competence', we find that pre-reflexive practices uncritically accepted as markers of competence for example, penholding' can contribute to the Council's failure to act collectively in the face of mass atrocity. Drawing on extensive interview material, we offer an alternative account of the Libya intervention, finding that the practices of the permanent three (France, the UK and the US) did not cultivate the kind of collective consciousness that is required to implement the Responsibility to Protect. This is further illustrated by an account of the Security Council's failure in Syria, where the permanent three's insistence on regime change instrumentalized the Council at the expense of Responsibility to Protect-appropriate practice. This changed when elected members became penholders'. Practice theory can facilitate learning processes that help the Council meet its responsibilities, but only through an approach that combines its insights with those of norm/normative theory.

Vested Interests and the Common People in Developing Countries: Understanding Oppressive Societies and Their Effects (2017) 🗎🗎

The standard economic model of how economies work is that activities are essentially productive. This is not a correct view of reality. The principal difficulty is that there is economic activity that is unproductive and harmful ( from the point of view of those being harmed). This is a central feature of the economic organization of these societies, and creates poverty. The first section of the article discusses the concept of harm. The second section describes how societies are run on this basic set of principles: Take and maintain control of the government and other aspects of society, and use the power of government to obtain income. The third section of the article describes how this system harms the common people. Topics include corruption, misappropriation of natural resources, conflict and other harm engendered by the struggle for control, the influence on present society of the past operation of harmful economic systems, and discrimination as well as other "barriers to entry."

Algorithms as culture: Some tactics for the ethnography of algorithmic systems (2017) 🗎🗎

This article responds to recent debates in critical algorithm studies about the significance of the term ''algorithm.'' Where some have suggested that critical scholars should align their use of the term with its common definition in professional computer science, I argue that we should instead approach algorithms as ''multiples''unstable objects that are enacted through the varied practices that people use to engage with them, including the practices of ''outsider'' researchers. This approach builds on the work of Laura Devendorf, Elizabeth Goodman, and Annemarie Mol. Different ways of enacting algorithms foreground certain issues while occluding others: computer scientists enact algorithms as conceptual objects indifferent to implementation details, while calls for accountability enact algorithms as closed boxes to be opened. I propose that critical researchers might seek to enact algorithms ethnographically, seeing them as heterogeneous and diffuse sociotechnical systems, rather than rigidly constrained and procedural formulas. To do so, I suggest thinking of algorithms not ''in'' culture, as the event occasioning this essay was titled, but ''as'' culture: part of broad patterns of meaning and practice that can be engaged with empirically. I offer a set of practical tactics for the ethnographic enactment of algorithmic systems, which do not depend on pinning down a singular ''algorithm'' or achieving ''access,'' but which rather work from the partial and mobile position of an outsider.

Neighbourhood artistic disaffiliation in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada (2017) 🗎🗎

This article argues that the creative drive of cultural workers to envision alternative urban futures and to make real changes in neighbourhoods in the urban present, while politically powerful and imaginatively seductive to urban decision-makers, contains destructive impulses. Such a drive can challenge, but also reinforce, the established social order and unequal power relations. This article critically examines the spatial politics of creative destruction that can unfold in the place-making wake of cultural workers. A case study is used from the mid-sized, industrial city of Hamilton of a deprived inner-city neighbourhood that is informally being reimagined as an arts district. In this neighbourhood, some cultural workers selectively practice middle-class disaffiliation. Individual acts of avoidance, control and destruction function as withdrawal strategies to help minimise the negative externalities of crime and social disorder and to realise a vision of this neighbourhood in their own image.

VAGABONDAGE AS SOCIAL PHENOMENON (2017) 🗎🗎

Destabilization of the socio-economic situation in Russia, connected to the global financial crisis and economic sanctions from the West actualize the problem of vagabondage. The article is dedicated to studying this social phenomenon in Tyumen and forming a socio-demographical portrait of Tyumen vagabond. Vagabondage is defined as a way of life without permanent residence, connected to constant relocation caused by the impossibility of adapting to changing external circumstances. This research has been held from 2010 to 2014, and 2017 in the traditional places of vagabonds' daytime gathering, on the territories of their occasional earnings: the central market of Tyumen, Znamensky Cathedral Church. The research included formalized interviews based on author's instrument of 13 questions. The questions were conventionally divided into the following topics: personal characteristics of a vagabond, living habits before vagabondage, the image of the everyday life in the state of vagabondism and the perspectives of returning to normal life. 100 people have participated in the research. The respondents were divided by age: 18-30,31-40,41-50, over 50 years, which enabled visual verification of respondent honesty. The results of the survey are shown in the article, analysis and correlation with other author's research on vagabonds are offered, the verification of honesty of the answers is given. Traits of vagabondage in Tyumen connected to landscaping, territorial and socio-economical peculiarities of the Tyumen region, are identified. Measures of vagabondism reduction involving overall rehabilitation people having lost social binds are discussed.

Tracking and Targeting: Sociotechnologies of (In)security (2017) 🗎🗎

This introduction to the special issue of the same title sets out the context for a critical examination of contemporary developments in sociotechnical systems deployed in the name of security. Our focus is on technologies of tracking, with their claims to enable the identification of those who comprise legitimate targets for the use of violent force. Taking these claims as deeply problematic, we join a growing body of scholarship on the technopolitical logics that underpin an increasingly violent landscape of institutions, infrastructures, and actions, promising protection to some but arguably contributing to our collective insecurity. We examine the asymmetric distributions of sociotechnologies of (in)security; their deadly and injurious effects; and the legal, ethical, and moral questions that haunt their operations.

Neglecting the History of the Rule of Law: (Unintended) Conceptual Eugenics (2017) 🗎🗎

In this short paper I provide a justificatory argument for the importance of the endeavour exemplified by the papers that comprise the remainder of this special issue. I suggest that consideration and assessment of the origins of the concept of the Rule of Law not only matters, but also that it is a practice that is often neglected. Further, I suggest our failure to take account of the origins of the Rule of Law-by continuing to simply innovate around the idea of the contemporary understanding of the concept-limits the concept's future development and will, potentially, not reflect faithfully the ideas from which our contemporary understanding of the concept is ultimately derived. As a result of this failure, we risk the (unintentional) imposition of a selective approach in the interpretation and application of the concept of the Rule of Law in the future. Increasing our focus on the origins of the Rule of Law will not only illuminate the rationale for and behind the operation of the concept, but it will also expose aspects of the concept that are no longer considered or included-in contemporary conceptions of the idea-and will ensure our future solutions are not curtailed.

Symmetry breaking and the emergence of path-dependence (2017) 🗎🗎

Path-dependence offers a promising way of understanding the role historicity plays in explanation, namely, how the past states of a process can matter in the explanation of a given outcome. The two main existing accounts of path-dependence have sought to present it either in terms of dynamic landscapes or branching trees. However, the notions of landscape and tree both have serious limitations and have been criticized. The framework of causal networks is both more fundamental and more general that that of landscapes and trees. Within this framework, I propose that historicity in networks should be understood as symmetry breaking. History matters when an asymmetric bias towards an outcome emerges in a causal network. This permits a quantitative measure for how path-dependence can occur in degrees, and offers suggestive insights into how historicity is intertwined both with causal structure and complexity.

If You're a Rawlsian, How Come You're So Close to Utilitarianism and Intuitionism? A Critique of Daniels's Accountability for Reasonableness (2018) 🗎🗎

Norman Daniels's theory of 'accountability for reasonableness' is an influential conception of fairness in healthcare resource allocation. Although it is widely thought that this theory provides a consistent extension of John Rawls's general conception of justice, this paper shows that accountability for reasonableness has important points of contact with both utilitarianism and intuitionism, the main targets of Rawls's argument. My aim is to demonstrate that its overlap with utilitarianism and intuitionism leaves accountability for reasonableness open to damaging critiques. The important role that utilitarian-like cost-effectiveness calculations are allowed to play in resource allocation processes disregards the separateness of persons and is seriously unfair towards individuals whose interests are sacrificed for the sake of groups. Furthermore, the function played by intuitions in settling frequent value conflicts opens the door for sheer custom and vested interests to steer decision-making.

Reconceptualising transition to Higher Education with Deleuze and Guattari (2018) 🗎🗎

This article draws on the philosophy of Deleuze and Guattari to reconceptualise transition to Higher Education. In doing so it contributes a new theoretical approach to understanding transition to Higher Education which largely remains under-theorised, uncritical and taken-for-granted. Drawing on data from two projects, the article activates Deleuze and Guattari's concepts of assemblage, rhizome and becoming to contest the established view of transition as a linear pathway or series of critical incidents'. The article illuminates how Deleuze and Guattari's concepts are of value both in theorising the multiplicity and heterogeneity of transition and in refocusing attention on the lived specificities of students' experiences within a complex web of institutional and affective practices. The article ends with a consideration of how Deleuze and Guattari recast understandings of transitions theory and practice.

Development Processes Seen Through Non-Marginalist Lenses with Considerations of Complementarities (2018) 🗎🗎

Marginalism has deeply shaped neoclassical concepts and analytical tools that are applied to development economics. With a static notion of efficiency defined for a state of competitive equilibrium, neoclassical economists study development in equilibrium frameworks, regarding underdevelopment as the consequence of market failures. How might one, who is not equipped with marginalist lenses, look at development processes as they unfold in history? Prior to the emergence of marginalism such observations abounded in the works of the so-called protectionists, where ever-evolving production complementarities figure prominently, and there were considerations of indivisibility. In the postwar era, this is present in the works of some early development economists, especially Albert Hirschman in his employment of backward and forward production linkages to characterize development processes, which are viewed as unfolding series of disequilibria. Historical sequences of events reflect path-dependence and they feedback on each other to exhibit circular and cumulative causation. One thing leads to another, or some things lead to others and so on, including institutional changes. However, the activation of linkages could encounter obstacles, with "technological strangeness" being one, in which case sequential policy intervention could be warranted. This article briefly considers differences with the neoclassical approach in generating policy recommendations.

Tales from a Small Island: Applying the 'Path-Dependency' Thesis to Explore Migration to a Remote Rural Community (2018) 🗎🗎

This article explores the perspicacity of the 'path-dependency' thesis for explaining pre-and post-retirement migration, extending existing debates in the literature on path-dependency retirement regions. The article presents a case-study of pre-and post-retirement migration to the Isle of Bute, Scotland. Drawing on findings from a household survey and biographical interviews with in-migrants to the island, we ground our understanding of path-dependency processes in individual behaviours and experiences, to demonstrate how specific attributes of particular places lay the foundations of path-dependent migration flows. Our findings support the path-dependency thesis, as applied to migration into rural areas, demonstrating how the Isle of Bute has followed a systematic trajectory from being a long-standing popular holiday destination with attractive natural amenities, to a popular retirement destination with a developed recreational infrastructure and, latterly, a popular pre-retirement destination in which personal networks influence migration decision-making.

The Structure of Comparison in the Study of Revolution (2018) 🗎🗎

The social scientific study of revolution has been deviled by a lack of progress in recent years, divided between competing views on the universality of patterns in revolution. This study examines the origins of these epistemologies. Drawing on an insight that different modes of comparison yield different types of knowledge, I argue that the network structure of how cases are compared constrains or enables the development of a field's theoretical sensibilities. Analysis of comparative studies of revolution published from 1970 to 2009 reveals that the field overall is most amenable to knowledge about particular cases rather than the phenomenon of revolution broadly. Analysis of the changing structure of comparison over time reveals that comparison precedes the development of an epistemology. The results suggest that conclusions about the possibility, or lack thereof, of generalization may be an artifact of the comparative method.

Diplomacy, agency, and the logic of improvisation and virtuosity in practice (2018) 🗎🗎

Immersed in the flow of activities, diplomats and other international practitioners are simultaneously influenced by past experiences and constantly innovating in response to situations that are never exactly the same. The conceptual tools of International Relations scholars must be capable of capturing this practical reality. To that end, I introduce in this article a relational approach to agency that can make sense of practitioners' innovative ways of doing things in practice. Practice theorists in IR often emphasize hierarchies, struggle, and the role of habitus in shaping practices. Both building on and departing from them, I dig into the logic of practical sense and discuss Pierre Bourdieu's concepts of regulated improvisations, virtuosos/amateurs, and illusio to grasp agency in practice. I develop the idea that international actors are primarily practical and put improvisations and virtuosity rather than rationality, cognitive processes, emotions, norm-compliance, path-dependency or even habits/habitus in the foreground. I contend that this approach holds broader promise for the analysis of international politics than existing conceptions. We have much to gain by focusing on how international practitioners in their local contexts actually improvise in the moment. These improvisations in specific sites are constitutive of the big picture' of international politics. I take diplomatic practices in embassies and in permanent representations as an illustration.

Historicizing climate change-engaging new approaches to climate and history (2018) 🗎🗎

This introduction to a special issue of Climatic Change argues that it is timely and welcome to intensify historical research into climate change and climate as factors of history. This is also already an ongoing trend in many disciplines. The article identifies two main strands in historical work on climate change, both multi-disciplinary: one that looks for it as a driver of historical change in human societies, the other that analyzes the intellectual and scientific roots of the climate system and its changes. In presenting the five papers in this special issue the introduction argues that it is becoming increasingly important to also situate historicizing climate change within the history of thought and practice in wider fields, as a matter of intellectual, political, and social history and theory. The five papers all serve as examples of intellectual, political, and social responses to climate-related phenomena and their consequences (ones that have manifested themselves relatively recently and are predominantly attributable to anthropogenic climate change). The historicizing work that these papers perform lies in the analysis of issues that are rising in societies related to climate change in its modern anthropogenic version. The history here is not so much about past climates, although climate change itself is always directly or indirectly present in the story, but rather about history as the social space where encounters take place and where new conditions for humans and societies and their companion species and their life worlds in natures and environments are unfolding and negotiated. With climate change as a growing phenomenon historicizing climate change in this version will become increasingly relevant.

Designing the garden of Geddes: The master gardener and the profession of landscape architecture (2018) 🗎🗎

The influence of Patrick Geddes (1854-1932) on the landscape architecture profession has been widely acknowledged, but there is no critical review of the nature of this influence on theory and practice. Geddes appears to have been the first person in Britain to adopt the term landscape architect to denote a profession in the American sense as someone who dealt with city planning, civic design and parks systems. This profession seemed to encompass his wide ranging interests, providing a suitable vehicle for his transdisciplinary approaches, but which he later transferred to that of town and regional planning. His approach to understanding landscapes was to study towns and regions from a cultural, ecological and economic perspective in a systematic way of survey, analysis and design. Geddes's methods were gradually adopted by the landscape architecture profession, and purely Beaux Arts-architectural approaches phased out. By tracing contemporary references, this paper highlights key individuals who helped to promote his ideas in the landscape architecture profession then and now, and shows how his enduring influence and longstanding impact have to do with the systematic approach and methods he set forth. Today similar approaches are being promoted by other professions, but with a different perspective, and suggests that rather than various disciplines setting up silos, trying to defend their territories, with climate change and food security looming it is timely to promote more integrated approaches. This is well in line with Geddes's ideas who not only encouraged interdisciplinarity, but also warned against inadvertent specialisation.

Credit Market Discipline and Capitalist Slavery in Antebellum South Carolina (2018) 🗎🗎

Historians and economists have increasingly identified capitalist patterns of behavior among antebellum slave owners, yet no consensus has emerged about the explanation for this finding. I argue that US slave owners were driven to behave like capitalists in part because of their dependence on credit. The ability of creditors to seize the land and slaves of insolvent debtors generated selection pressures that led to both aggregate patterns of capitalist development and the adaptation of individual slave owners to the logic of capitalist competition. I refer to this process as "credit market discipline." In a case study of South Carolina in the 1840s, I show that the threat and reality of foreclosure was capable of stimulating recognizably capitalist behaviors among even the most aristocratic and "prebourgeois" slave owners.

Identity, Commons and Sustainability: An Economic Perspective (2018) 🗎🗎

Commons represent a wide, heterogeneous class of resources but its composition is the subject of growing tensions. The question "What is a commons?" has become even more complex while the answer still remains elusive. Current research focuses on two main attributes of commons-nonexclusivity and rivalry centered on regulatory and operational aspects, conveying the notion of usability. Instead, this study argues that the definition of commons should be derived from their function. It is proposed that identity, in its individual and collective integrated dimensions, is the ultimate goal of commons. Despite the pivotal function that commons can perform, availability of resources is indeed just one of the conditions for human development. Moreover, commons can deploy their identity-oriented functions only if a sustainability transition is pursued. Based on these considerations, the study analyzes the concept of sustainability, and addresses the question "What is to be sustained?" While the capability approach offers a coherent conceptualization of the diversity of individuals a crucial issue for sustainability some limitations arise when it is adopted as evaluative space of well-being. This study argues that the assumed notion of identity delivers a broader concept of sustainability and delineates the ultimate goal of sustainability (sustainable identity).

A short story of the Phillips curve: from Phillips to Friedman... and back? (2018) 🗎🗎

A major contribution of Friedman's 1968 presidential address was the introduction of the long-run vertical Phillips curve. That view, which is consistent with neoclassical foundations, has become so profoundly entrenched in macroeconomists' thinking that increasing evidence of ` hysteresis' has not as yet dislodged it. The prevailing notion of the non-accelerating inflation rate of unemployment (NAIRU) is constructed in terms of the ` natural' unemployment rate, which has allowed for some changes regarding its microeconomic determinants. However, the macroeconomic features of Friedman's natural rate and the NAIRU remain very much the same and unchanged. The blatant path-dependence of empirically estimated NAIRUs creates a dissociation between macroeconomic theory and empirics which, in our view, is unacceptable and demands a change of perspective. Adopting an alternative theory of distribution and employment might rehabilitate the original approach taken by Phillips vis-a-vis Friedman's legacy.

Narratives of "good food": consumer identities and the appropriation of sustainability discourses (2018) 🗎🗎

Everyday food consumption practices and the complementing forms of food production cause major sustainability problems, but are nevertheless widely accepted. According to public sustainability discourses a combination of "green growth" and responsible consumers is supposed to be the best solution. This article focuses on the individual appropriation of these discourses. Based on which interpretive patterns, values and spatial relationships do food identities, attributions of responsibilities and daily practices get normalized and hence stabilized or, on the contrary, politicized and challenged? Our analysis of qualitative interviews with consumers reveals a complex and ambivalent appropriation of public sustainability discourses. On the one hand dominant patterns of the public sustainability discourses are (re-)produced. On the other hand the optimism regarding the transformative potential of responsible consumers is rejected. Furthermore, the interviewees complain about adverse circumstances that are opposed to felicitous consumption practices. The handling of daily shortcomings in meeting one's own demands is quite diverse. It ranges from attempts to stimulate other consumers to compensations by extraordinary events (in which an ideal concept of "good food" can be implemented) and fatalistic concessions to the constraining dominant conditions. Moreover, counter-hegemonic narratives recall the contingency of powerful structures that constantly encounter resistance and therefore always remain open for negotiations, transformations and change.

Intellectual, Institutional, and Technological Transitions: Central European History, 2004-2014 (2018) 🗎🗎

Volumes 38 to 47 of Central European History, which appeared from July 2004 to June 2014, represented years of fundamental transition in the life of the journal and of its sponsoring society: then the Conference Group for Central European History, now the Central European History Society. This fundamental transition manifested itself in three forms: institutional formality, both of the journal and of the Conference Group/Society; publishing organization and technologyfrom the ways in which the editor produced the journal to the ways in which the audience consumed the scholarship it published; and, last but not least, the intellectual focus and content of the history of German-speaking Central Europe that Central European History presented to scholars and students alike. Although the decade presented some unexpected and surprising challenges, all these transitions were already visible in July 2002 when I presented my proposal to become editor of Central European History to the Editor Search Committee, which consisted of Konrad Jarausch, Kees Gispen, and then-editor Kenneth Barkin.

Tactical Moments of Creative Destruction for Affordable Housing (2018) 🗎🗎

The formation of a marketing system often reflects historical legacies that seek to protect and preserve longstanding community interests. These legacies encourage some patterns of adaptive growth, but they may also limit other avenues of productive change. In this essay, we focus on the United States housing system as an illustration of a marketing system with significant legacy structures. Historically, this marketplace system arose to provide safe shelter for citizens and was enacted through building codes. These codes arose for historically important reasons, many of which are still pertinent today. Other legacies, however, inhibit market innovations, such as the significant barriers that exist for developing affordable housing. We argue that change in legacy market systems may require tactical moments of creative destruction. We examine a multi-stakeholder approach across the macro, meso, and micro levels of the marketplace to enable novel solutions for systemic change.

Bots increase exposure to negative and inflammatory content in online social systems (2018) 🗎🗎

Societies are complex systems, which tend to polarize into subgroups of individuals with dramatically opposite perspectives. This phenomenon is reflected- and often amplified-in online social networks, where, however, humans are no longer the only players and coexist alongside with social bots-that is, software-controlled accounts. Analyzing large-scale social data collected during the Catalan referendum for independence on October 1, 2017, consisting of nearly 4 millions Twitter posts generated by almost 1 million users, we identify the two polarized groups of Independentists and Constitutionalists and quantify the structural and emotional roles played by social bots. We show that bots act from peripheral areas of the social system to target influential humans of both groups, bombarding Independentists with violent contents, increasing their exposure to negative and inflammatory narratives, and exacerbating social conflict online. Our findings stress the importance of developing countermeasures to unmask these forms of automated social manipulation.

In and Out of Place: Ethnography as 'Journeying With' Between Central and South Australia (2018) 🗎🗎

This paper explores the case of an Aboriginal woman from Central Australia who has in recent years experienced a radical shift in her life circumstances. It pursues a writerly approach that makes the variety of forces and relationships legible that she now navigates, including that of the anthropologist-friend. 'Journeying with' is proposed as an ethnographic method as well as an ethical stance well attuned to the turbulent circumstances of the present-in the Warlpiri life sketched here, and globally. Destabilization and displacement are increasingly common features of contemporary experience, and this paper proposes that ethnography anchored at the level of the individual person is well placed to engage unsettling transformations in the world at large, in social relationships, and modes of personhood, as well as in anthropological production.

Literal Media Ecology: Crisis in the Conditions of Production (2018) 🗎🗎

This article outlines a socio-political theory appropriate for the study of the ecological repercussions of contemporary media technologies. More specifically, this approach provides a means of assessing the material impacts of media technologies and the representations of capitalist ecological crises. This approach builds on the work of ecological economists, ecosocialist scholars, and Marx's writings on the conditions of production to argue that capitalism necessarily results in ecological destabilization. Taking Apple's 2016 Environmental Responsibility Report as a case study, the article uses the theory to analyze Apple's responses to ecological crises. The article asserts that Apple's reactions are emblematic of the capitalist compulsion for increasing rates of productivity. However, unless the matter/energy savings achieved through higher rates of productivity surpass the overall increase in the flow of matter/energy in production, ecological crises will continue. Ultimately, capital accumulation ensures continued ecological destabilization.

The role of government accounting and taxation in the institutionalization of slavery in Brazil (2018) 🗎🗎

We use a theoretical framework based on concepts of historical institutionalism, institutional logic and ideology to enhance understanding of how government accounting and taxation helped to institutionalize slavery in Brazil by interpreting enslaved people as an economic commodity. We conduct an interpretive critical analysis using archival sources from the period 1531-1888. The social practice of government accounting and taxation produced and conveyed meaning using symbolic forms that ranged from everyday statements to complex texts and images. These codified financial realities in a way that reified slavery and influenced the historical trajectory of slavery. Government accounting and taxation practices were self-reinforcing sequences. They encouraged a structural inertia that was not conducive to de-reification of the slave trade or of slavery. We reveal how government accounting and taxation institutionalized government administration of slavery by according it social authority, social reality and temporal endurance. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oil in Sicily: Petrocapitalist imaginaries in the shadow of old smokestacks (2018) 🗎🗎

By describing the long trajectory of petrochemical industrialization in a Mediterranean area in southeastern Sicily locally known as the triangle of death, this article discusses how the widespread, long-term, and nearly invisible nature of everyday forms of catastrophe generate effects that at times are even more insidious than a major disaster. Indeed, like the fumes rising from an industrial smokestack, oil culture seeps into the imaginaries and epidermises of the people for whom petroleum represents both a blessing and a curse.

'He's a battler. He's not a quitter:' the narrative framing of Jerry Kill's health-related organizational exit (2018) 🗎🗎

The abrupt retirement of Jerry Kill, the University of Minnesota's head football coach, for health reasons during the 2015 season ignited intensely emotional reactions from diverse organizational stakeholders. Our essay analyzes the public discourses surrounding Kill's organizational exit. Specifically, we explore how audiences co-constructed multiple and conflicting narratives about his departure, concurrently praising and blaming Kill for his body management. We highlight how these discourses construct complex subjectivities for working individuals who experience chronic illness. We conclude by discussing how the narrative frames implicate broader discursive struggles between the cultural values of health and work.

Managing social networks: Applying the percolation theory methodology to understand individuals' attitudes and moods (2018) 🗎🗎

A disruptive technology is an unexpected technological breakthrough which destroys existing markets, shakes up an industry and induces organisations to radically change their business models. Digital technologies, and in particular social media are, without a doubt, the most disruptive innovations to have emerged over the past few decades. Social media virtually rule society: peoples moods and opinions, spreading openly and rapidly within networks, can affect almost any business or brand in a positive or negative way. This conceptual study aims to search for ways in which to describe and manage the states of groups of individuals by researching percolation processes in social networks, and identifying percolation thresholds at which negative moods and undesirable ideas will be freely distributed within the network. The methodology proposed for describing the state and dynamics of individuals' moods implements percolation models. Percolation processes are modelled using specially designed software. Within the chosen model framework, percolation theory generates answers to the following questions: a) how does society become clustered into groups of individuals united by certain views according to the average number of connections per node? and b) what proportion of negatively-tuned individuals can bring the network into such a state wherein harmful information can be transmitted between two randomly chosen individuals? Focus is placed on discussing practical implications of the results in order to both predict people's behaviours, and to manage groups of people in networks. This work may be of interest to scientists, specialists in consumer behaviour, sociologists and politicians.

Journalism's fortune tellers: Constructing the future of news (2018) 🗎🗎

How do future-of-news experts construct accounts of the future of journalism and on what do they base these accounts? What do their methods imply about manifest and latent reasons for constructing these accounts in the first place? This exploratory study adapts a model from the sociology of work, which provides a typology of strategies that guide decision-making in future work' - that is, work that involves collective and systematic efforts to predict and legitimize predictive claims. We first examine economic literature on uncertainty and risk, which explains the extreme difficulty of making predictions in an environment of high uncertainty. We then situate journalism future work' within the literature on the social construction of the future, and using Fine's model, outline strategies pursued in this construction. We conduct an exploratory qualitative content analysis of published predictions written by future of news' experts, examining the strategies they use to legitimize their predictive claims. Findings show mixed support for Fine's model and some support for rival strategies for supporting claims about the future, for example, a path-dependence strategy of extending the known present into the future.

Change and Continuity in Three Generations of Women: A Qualitative Longitudinal Analysis of Forms of Work (2018) 🗎🗎

This article examines the relationship between the transmission of employment patterns over generations of women and the spread of women's employment. It looks at how a macro phenomenon, the incorporation of women in the labour market, operates at the micro level and the extent to which continuities exist between grandmothers, mothers and daughters that delay or advance the trend toward the insertion of all adults in the labour market. In this sense we can speak of path dependency, a concept that can be useful to understand the transmission among generations of women of their relationship to economic activity. Qualitative longitudinal data is used, based on the discourses of ten triads of women, each characterised as traditional, transitional, regressive or modern, representing different combinations of paid and unpaid work.

The drone's eye: applications and implications for landscape architecture (2018) 🗎🗎

The use of next-generation automated consumer drones for aerial imaging and mapping is increasingly common. As a field that recurrently seeks new mapping methods, the practical aspects of drone imaging and mapping are most evidently applicable to landscape architecture. However, as a social art, landscape architecture also has a vested interest in the cultural implications of the consumer-oriented features of next-generation drones. This article bridges these professional and amateur domains of drone use. First, the article uses a topographically complex case study site to compare drone functionality against established imaging and mapping technologies. Second, the article interprets the potential implications of these applications on the practice and theory of landscape architecture. The article concludes that high fidelity drone mapping has the capacity to refocus contemporary landscape discourse from a predominantly satellite-based viewpoint to the site scale at which landscape is both experienced and designed.

An endogenous explanation of growth: direct-to-consumer stem cell therapies in PR China, India and the USA (2018) 🗎🗎

The recent expansion of direct-to-consumer stem cell therapies (DSCTs) across nations where medical malpractice laws are the strongest globally challenges the causal assumption that low regulatory standards in developing countries bolster DSCTs. Drawing on firm-level data of existing biopharmaceuticals, approved stem cell therapies (SCTs) and DSCT clinics across the USA, PR China and India, this paper provides an innovation studies perspective of the ways in which the paradigmatic shift in fundamental knowledge production - from in vitro to in vivo stem cells - is transforming SCT discovery and delivery. It argues that the endogenous and inherent disruptive attributes of SCTs, rather than exogenous conditions like regulations, provide a substantive explanation for the recent expansion of DSCTs and urges regulatory adaptation to endogenous imperatives for effective governance of SCTs.

No longer violent enough?: Creative destruction, innovation and the ossification of neoliberal capitalism (2018) 🗎🗎

My goal is to suggest that it is useful to distinguish analytically between capital's primal, often direct violence against bodies and a systemic form of violence that is at the same time reproductive of the capitalist system and directed against its own creations. I suggest that this analytical separation allows us to see that on the one hand capitalist violence is intensifying and with it processes of exploitation, class bifurcation, downward mobility and environmental, political and social degradation. On the other hand, however, capitalism appears to be ossifying as it loses its ability to self-reproduce. The violent act of (periodically) destroying its own creation to make room for new production and formation is becoming stifled and nothing appears capable of blowing up the dead weight of capital that is suffocating living labour. Drawing on the work of David Graeber and Mariana Mazzucato I propose that, paradoxically, it is the logic of the market that causes the stifling of real innovation and thus capitalism's ability to reproduce. It is in this sense that I claim that capitalism is no longer violent enough.

The International Division of Labor in Economists' Field. Academic Subordination in Exchange for Political Prerogatives in Argentina (2018) 🗎🗎

Since the 1970s, economics has emerged as a global profession, with economists becoming main characters of the intellectual and political life in many countries. Inspired by Bourdieu, several analyses faced the challenge of "theorizing fields beyond the nation-state" (Buchholz 2016). Some scholars emphasized that internationalization entailed a growing asymmetry between dominant and dominated participants: the former acting as "exporters" and the latter as "importers" of ideas (Dezalay and Garth 2002). Others pointed out the process of "creative destruction" that accompanied the globalization of local fields (Fourcade 2006). Finally, still others noted the emergence of a new field of globalized experts and think tanks (Medvetz 2012). Through a sociohistorical depiction of economists in Argentina, we problematize the subordinated role of peripheral economists. Rather than a dominant-dominated logic, we identify a new international division of labor. Based on more than 60 interviews with economists, archival research, and statistical analyses, this paper shows that while a dependent position in the global academic field reduced Argentinian economists' theoretical autonomy, it gave them the scientific authority that in turn paved the road to access very well-paid work as consultants and high-level public servants.

A multi-disciplinary model of life-course canalization and agency (2019) 🗎🗎

This article integrates life-course sociological insights and perspectives with the conceptions of agency and individual motivation formulated as the motivational theory of life-span development. We use Waddington's epigenetic landscape as a metaphor for how life courses are shaped jointly by societal structure and individual agency. Social structure imposes constraints and institutions provide the transitions and pathways that together constitute critical scaffolding for life-course timing and path dependency ("canalization"). The building blocks from developmental and motivational psychology as well as from life-course sociology are introduced first. Then we address the dynamic interplay of individual agent and society in terms of life-span timing and life-course canalization (i.e., path-dependency) effects. The proposed conceptual framework moves beyond previous accounts of agent-society interplay in two distinct ways. First, we develop a systematically organized set of specific phenomena of developmental canalization on the one hand, and of institutionalized or social-structure based canalization on the other. Second, we offer a discussion of a set of scenarios that show how these specific psychological and society-generated processes may play together to shape individuals' life courses and life-span development.

WHY DO EXTREME WORK HOURS PERSIST? TEMPORAL UNCOUPLING AS A NEW WAY OF SEEING (2019) 🗎🗎

This paper develops temporal uncoupling as a new way of seeing the puzzling persistence of extreme work hours, as well as the temporal relations of organizations and their environments. Drawing on a historical case study, we trace and analyze the genesis, reinforcement, and maintenance of extreme work hours in an elite consulting firm over a period of 40 years. We find that a small shift in temporal structuring mobilized two positive feedback processes. These processes consolidated a temporal order that increasingly uncoupled from the traditional workweek. Grounded in these findings, we make two contributions. First, we challenge the orthodox view of entrainment as an ideal synchronous relation between organizations and their environments. Instead, we offer temporal uncoupling as an alternative lens. It enables us to see how both synchrony and asynchrony are potentially viable options, which coexist and sometimes coconstitute each other. Second, we shed new light on temporality as a constitutive force that underpins extremework hours and offer a novel explanation of their persistence as a case of systemic temporal lock-in. We develop positive feedback as a mechanism that explains how small temporal shifts can become consolidated into hardly reversible temporal lock-ins.

How safety culture can make us think (2019) 🗎🗎

Safety Culture has now been for almost three decades a highly promoted, advocated and debated but contentious notion. This article argues first that one needs to differentiate between two waves of studies, debates, controversies and positions. A first one roughly from the late 1980s/early 1990s to mid-2000s which brought an important distinction between interpretive and functionalist views of safety culture, then a second wave, from mid-2000s to nowadays which brings additional and alternative positions among authors. Four views, some more radical and critical, some more neutral and some more enthusiastic about safety culture are differentiated in this article. It is contended that this evolution of the debate, this second wave of studies, should be understood within a broader historical and social context. It is characterised, borrowing insights from management studies, by patterns of interactions between academics, publishers, consultants, regulators and industries. In this context, safety culture appears in a new light, as a product among other (albeit a central one) of a safety field (and market) which is socially structured by this diversity of actors. This helps sensitise, first, the second wave of studies, debates, controversies and positions on safety culture of the past 15 years as identified in this article. Second, approaching safety culture through this angle is an opportunity to questions safety research more globally and, third, an occasion to pinpoint some of the currently unproblematised network properties of high risk sociotechnical systems.

New truths begin as heresies: First thoughts on system dynamics and global modelling (2019) 🗎🗎

Starting from an example of biosphere modelling, the paper considers the contribution of system dynamics to global modelling. The different purposes of modelling approaches are first considered. These are then related to a specific example-which is then seen to derive from the founding works in this area: "World Dynamics" and "The Limits To Growth." The response to those publications is considered, both the contemporary reactions to them and the myths that have grown up around them. The paper discusses the general cultural acceptance of the perspective offered by these books and the continuing-and decidedly mixed-significance of these works to the field of system dynamics.

Introduction: Rhenish capitalism and business history (2019) 🗎🗎

This article examines the emergence and development of the comparative analysis of capitalism and recent debates about Varieties of Capitalism (VoC). We argue that the VoC-approach should pay more attention to change over time, and only claim to put the firm in the centre of analysis. Hence, we propose another, more historical, analytic framework, which is based on the VoC-approach and historical institutionalism, and which fits better to an analysis of Rhenish Capitalism, i.e. the German case, from a business history perspective. Keeping in mind this research agenda, we outline the history of the German economy in the second half of the 20th century.

The Living Hand of the Past: The Role of Technology in Development (2019) 🗎🗎

"Technology" is lately equated with hardware and software, but for the Ancient Greeks, a technology combined two linked features: the doing of an art/craft (techne) and theorizing about the doing (technologia). We thus consider a "technology" as a "sociotechnical system" - an entanglement of humans with one another, the tools, arts, crafts, practices and institutionalized forms of life of their time. Writing systems and new media are each relevant to understanding the roles of technologies in development, considered at an ontogenetic or historical level. We consider two ostensibly conflicting claims by Piaget that lead to the question of how the postnatal environment fundamentally differs from the intrauterine environment and how this difference changes the process of development. Vygotsky's focus on the cultural/historical mediation of social relations helps us understand the dynamic interplay of technology and development as part of a single process of human development - and to resolve Piaget's multifaceted views. To illustrate the insights offered by our cultural-historical approach, we compare the ancient period coupled with the development of literacy/numeracy and current historical circumstances in which new digital technologies are the focus. These two cases illuminate ways current changes are replaying in new circumstances a developmental process as old as Homo sapiens. (C) 2019 S. Karger AG, Basel

Constructivism, representation, and stability: path-dependence in public reason theories of justice (2019) 🗎🗎

Public reason theories are characterized by three conditions: constructivism, representation, and stability. Constructivism holds that justification does not rely on any antecedent moral or political values outside of the procedure of agreement. Representation holds that the reasons for the choice in the model must be rationally explicable to real agents outside the model. Stability holds that the principles chosen in the procedure should be stable upon reflection, especially in the face of diversity in a pluralistic society. Choice procedures that involve at least two-stages with different information, as Rawls's theory does, will be path-dependent and not meet the condition of representation since it will not be globally coherent. Attempts to solve this problem without eliminating the segmentation of choice in the procedure will run afoul of constructivism or stability. This problem is instructive because it highlights how public reason theories must evolve in the face of increased concerns about diversity.

The entrapment of trap design: Materiality, political economy and the shifting worlds of fixed gear fishing equipment (2019) 🗎🗎

Anthropologists have often focused on what one can read about the worlds of hunters and prey from the forms of traps. This article demonstrates, however, that a trap's design is not always tightly coupled to the worlds within which it is deployed. Using the case of Columbia River salmon traps, it shows how the social, economic and ecological roles of traps can dramatically change - even as their physical shape remains the same. In the late 19th century, these traps were lucrative for their owners, but unpopular with the region's gillnet fishermen. The fishermen feared that traps entrapped the community in a problematic form of political economy - that they created the wrong kind of subjects and social order, concentrating wealth in the hands of a small, lazy owner class. The fishermen argued that such problems inhered in the materiality of the traps and that their physical design produced inequality that jeapordized the community. The gillnetters ultimately won over the government with their arguments, and fish traps were banned. But the banning of traps has subsequently proved entrapping. Today, some of the river's salmon are listed as endangered species. Gillnets, which often kill fish before they are hauled in, do not allow fishermen to sort out endangered and unendangered fish; they are thus being phased out. Traps that keep fish alive in their holds would allow for sorting out and releasing endangered fish, and they are now heralded as an environmentally sustainable technology by conservationists. But after decades of arguments that traps embody and create unjust economic forms, it is logistically and socially difficult to bring back traps. Based on this example, this article proposes an approach to traps that gives special attention to how the material force of traps shifts as they are linked to different ecological contexts and practices of political economy.

The Path of the Law Review: How Interfield Ties Contribute to Institutional Emergence and Buffer against Change (2019) 🗎🗎

Early neoinstitutional theory tended to assume institutional reproduction, while recent accounts privilege situations in which alternative models from outside an organizational environment or delegitimizing criticism from within precipitate institutional change. We know little about institutions that persist despite such change conditions. Recent advances in sociological field theory suggest that interfield ties contribute to institutional change but under-theorize how such ties may reinforce institutions. Extending both approaches, I incorporate self-reinforcing mechanisms from path-dependence scholarship. I elucidate my framework by analyzing the student-edited, student-reviewed law review. Despite its anomalous position relative to the dominant peer-reviewed journal model of other disciplines, and despite sustained criticisms from those who publish in them, the law review remains a bedrock institution of law schools and legal scholarship. I combine qualitative historical analyses of legal scholarship and law schools with quantitative analyses of law-review structures and field contestation. The analysis covers law review's entire historical trajectoryits emergence, its institutionalization and coherence of a field around it, and its current state as a contested but persistent institution. I argue that self-reinforcing mechanisms evident in law review's ties to related fields-legal practice, law schools, the university, and legal periodicalsboth enabled its emergence and have buffered it against change.

How deep is incumbency? A 'configuring fields' approach to redistributing and reorienting power in socio-material change (2019) 🗎🗎

This paper examines a variety of theories bearing on `socio-material incumbency' and explores methodological implications. The aim is to develop a systematic general approach, which builds on strengths and mitigates weaknesses in prevailing analytical frameworks. A particular priority lies in avoidance of self-acknowledged tendencies in existing theory to 'reify' central notions like 'the regime'. Such pictures may overstate the tractability of incumbency to conventional policy instruments and so inadvertently help reinforce it. Based on detailed analysis of ways in which longstanding concepts of structuration apply to socio-material change, a novel 'configuring fields' approach is proposed. Contrasting 'eagle-eye' and 'worm-eye' views are each shown to yield distinctive possible 'topologies of incumbency'. This results in testable hypotheses with potentially important practical implications. Attention can thus extend beyond narrow policy instruments and mixes, to fully embrace broader and deeper kinds of political collective action, culture change and democratic struggle.

Community as tool for low carbon transitions: Involvement and containment, policy and action (2019) 🗎🗎

This paper introduces the Heideggerian terms Zuhanden and Vorhanden to studies of community low carbon transitions. It sets apart Zuhandenheit community as involvement: the doing, enacting and belonging aspects of community movements and activism. Vorhandenheit community contrastingly is observed: community as an object at arm's length, to be studied, tasked or used. The article builds on authors, particularly Malpas, who have utilised these concepts in spatial theory by adopting their associated spatialisation of involvement and containment. After introducing this theoretical understanding, the article addresses the case of a Transition initiative in receipt of government funding, where both Vorhanden and Zuhanden subjectivities can be found. Through focusing on this specific Transition project, we can more clearly grasp both the tensions emerging from state-funded community and the limits to, and possibilities for, appreciating community action phenomenologically.

Process and Individuation: The Development of Sensorimotor Agency (2019) 🗎🗎

I discuss some central ideas of the enactive approach in cognitive science, including the concepts of autonomy, sense-making, and agency, and show the way they are grounded in dynamical systems theory, organizational approaches to biology, and phenomenology. I highlight known and potentially new connections between enactive cognitive science and dynamical and relational perspectives on human development. Taking the notion of sensorimotor know-how or mastery as a particular case, I describe a dynamical formalization of Piaget's theory of equilibration that serves to clarify this notion. The dynamical interpretation also lays the groundwork for a novel concept of sensorimotor agency based on self-sustaining networked relations between sensorimotor schemes. Some of the tools that are used in fleshing out this idea, such as a network representation of sensorimotor repertoires, can be of use for clarifying the processes that underlie developmental variability, apparent developmental jumps, and the role of socially induced disequilibrium in enabling developmental change during adult-infant interactions. The exercise serves to clarify the ontological and epistemological commitments of enactive theory.

A Premature Postmortem on the Chicago School of Antitrust (2019) 🗎🗎

The Chicago School of antitrust is often thought to have killed off antitrust enforcement beginning in the late 1970s. In fact, although Chicago school prescriptions were significantly more laissez-faire than the structuralist school Chicago replaced, antitrust enforcement did not die under Chicago's influence. Rather, by directing antitrust to focus on technical economic analysis, Chicago contributed to the creation of a large and entrenched class of antitrust professionals-economists and lawyers-with a vested interest in preserving antitrust as a legal and regulatory enterprise. Today, Chicago School's consumer welfare standard and specific enforcement prescriptions are coming increasingly under political pressure and may be replaced or supplemented in the near term. But Chicago's redirection of antitrust toward technical economic analysis and technocratic reasoning seems likely to remain a durable legacy.

Connecting the Dots: Tradition and Disruption in Lexicography (2019) 🗎🗎

This article botanizes in the history of lexicography trying to connect the dots and get a deeper understanding of what is happening to the discipline in the framework of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. The objective is to suggest possible ways out of the present deadlock. History shows that a sudden change of the technological base, like the one we are now experiencing, suggests a total revolution of the discipline in all its major dimensions. In order to be successful, such a revolution requires a mental break with past traditions and habits. As a matter of example, the article focusses on a series of bilingual writing assistants developed by the Danish company Ordbogen A/S and the new challenges posed to lexicography by these and similar tools. It argues that these challenges cannot be solved by means of traditional user research which is retrospective as it unfolds in the framework of an old paradigm. As an alternative, and without excluding other types of user research, the article recommends disruptive thinking by means of brainstorm, immersion, and contemplation and provides some examples on how to proceed. Finally, it problematizes the incipient competition between human and artificial lexicographers and gives a brief account of a possible future redistribution of tasks.

Neoliberal performatives and the 'making' of Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) (2019) 🗎🗎

This paper argues that Payments for Ecosystem Services (PES) serve as a neoliberal performative act, in which idealized conditions are re-constituted by well-resourced and networked epistemic communities with the objective of bringing a distinctly instrumental and utilitarian relationality between humans and nature into existence. We illustrate the performative agency of hegemonic epistemic communities advocating (P)ES imaginaries to differentiate between the cultural construction of an ideal reality, which can and always will fail, and an external reality of actually produced effects. In doing so, we explore human agency to disobey performative acts to craft embodied and life-affirming relationships with nature.

Digital ruins (2019) 🗎🗎

In recent years, Geography has seen a rebirth of interest and appreciation of ruins, abandoned and neglected spaces of industrial modernity. This work has often emphasised the sensuousness of the material contextualisation of industrial ruins largely in terms of the phenomenological experience of decay, disorder and blight, or the affective elements of these spaces through concepts such as 'ghostliness' and 'haunting'. This article is an investigation into ruins or abandoned spaces which do not have materiality or temporality: digital ruins. Existing in a kind of eternal present, such spaces do not decay, yet still demonstrate many of the affective, phenomenological and existential experiences of what we understand to be ruin, abandonment or blight. Using autoethnographic research of a variety of abandoned and nearly abandoned virtual worlds, this article will reconsider the notions of 'ruin' within the increasingly important context of digital spaces, the utopian rhetoric which framed the development of these worlds, and situate the digital ruin within a wider critique of digital prosumerism.

Guest editors' introduction: on the creative destruction of food as science INTRODUCTION (2019) 🗎🗎

This introduction and special issue takes as its inspiration Kyla Wazana Tompkins' 2012 articulation of Critical Eating Studies. We examine how value is produced through the circulation and transformation of the parts that constitute eating and edible bodies. Guided by the presumed dead, done, and discarded, we find material and structural meaning by focusing not on finished goods but on by-products - both intended and unintended. The Edible Feminisms special issue foregrounds scientific methods through which neoliberal market relations write-off matter and bodies as wastes and metabolic discontents. We explore how devaluation, or systemic discard, is built into technical modes of capitalist value production and echoes in social structure and cultural forms. In asking: what does feminism have to do with edibility? with waste and metabolic science? we illustrate the stakes of how, why and who of devalued parts and bodies. In the eleven essays of this special issue, we examine how cultural logics of devaluation (classism, racism, sexism) are related to the technical practices of revaluation (e.g. quantitative reductionism, nutritionism). We attune our readers to the messy insides of things, to food science through the Marxian concept of creative destruction.

Patterns of intention: Oberkampf and Knoll as Schumpeterian entrepreneurs (2019) 🗎🗎

Presented here is an analysis of Schumpeter's interest in political economy, as it relates to his use of history to investigate economic change and capitalism. This aspect of Schumpeter's work - referring to style and involving a range of moral and aesthetic considerations - is largely neglected in entrepreneurship studies despite his influence on the discipline. This paper argues these considerations are essential to understand Schumpeter's entrepreneur and the role of creative destruction in rejuvenating capitalism. However, his theory also involves political inclinations and choices, such as elitism and a fear of declinism, both of which are more typical to conservative not destructive worldviews. To illustrate my argument I examine and describe two cases, those of Oberkampf and Knoll, the latter a rough contemporary of Schumpeter. The findings point to the central role of political economy in past and present debates about the political role of entrepreneurship in society, suggesting a need for further attention to the zeitgeist (spirit of the time) in future research.

Do we need to move from communication technology to user community? A new economic model of the journal as a club (2019) 🗎🗎

Much of the argument around reforming, remaking, or preserving the traditions of scholarly publishing is built on economic principles, explicit or implicit. Can we afford open access (OA)? How do we pay for high-quality services? Why does it cost so much? In this article, we argue that the sterility of much of this debate is a result of failure to tackle the question of what a journal is in economic terms. We offer a way through by demonstrating that a journal is a club and discuss the implications for the scholarly publishing industry. We use examples, ranging from OA to prestige journals, to explain why congestion is a problem for club-based publications, and to discuss the importance of creative destruction for the maintenance of knowledge-generating communities in publishing.

Original Institutional Economics and Political Anthropology: Reflections on the Nature of Coercive Power and Vested Interests in the Works of Thorstein Veblen and Pierre Clastres (2019) 🗎🗎

Our inquiry advances a comparison of the anthropological content of Thorstein Veblen's evolutionary perspective with the foundations of the political anthropology drawn from selected works of Pierre Clastres. We seek to establish that what can be referred to as a clastrean reference can simultaneously offer new perspectives on institutionalism, while maintaining a radical and emancipatory understanding of Veblen's writings. In this sense, we seek to reconsider and reevaluate the role of economic surplus drawn from Veblen's anthropology, while also offering a general and critical perspective for understanding the emergence of coercive power within societies.

Private Interests in a Public Profession: Teacher Education and Racial Capitalism (2019) 🗎🗎

Background/Context: This article offers an analysis of the contemporary policy context surrounding teacher education in the United States. It lays out recent policy shifts that have come to frame the field, particularly university-based teacher preparation as "broken," and to fuel forward certain strands of disruptive innovation. Purpose/Objective: The article's aim is to prompt consideration of how teacher educators are navigating and might navigate, on their own and together, the tentacles of neoliberalism climbing from K-12 into teacher education. Specifically, it explores the outsize influence of pro-privatization entities and teacher educators who have partnered with them, and it raises questions about the compromised positions that the enduring structures of racial capitalism and the neoliberal turn in education policy seemingly extend to teacher educators in these times. Conclusions/Recommendations: The article closes by arguing that even well-meaning teacher educators can end up ensnared in destructive reform, and for reasons far more complicated than simple character flaw, carelessness, or collusion. Thus, while teacher education needs "transformers," it needs for them to be conscious, careful, and accountable when it comes to the structures of racial capitalism and the (neoliberal) web into which present-day privatizing interests would like to see them profitably woven.

The Future of the Public Policy School in a World of Disruptive Innovation (2019) 🗎🗎

At the same time, as we embrace innovation, and confront disrupting our comfortable "standard operating procedures," to use another cornerstone of our curricula, we must always hold fast to the principle that the rule of law is essential to effective governance and the flourishing of society.

Statistical analysis of democratization: a constructive critique (2019) 🗎🗎

While statistical analysis of the origins and stability of democracy has received a great deal of scholarly effort, and made major contributions to comparative politics, valid causal inference in this tradition remains exceptionally difficult and, perhaps, elusive. Three important challenges create difficulty for scholars who seek to assess the state of knowledge in this domain. First, most existing work on the origins of democracy starts (often without any explicit discussion) from the supposition that the key causes of democracy are largely randomly assigned. Second, much existing literature is far from specific about which of many methodological changes produces a new finding - making it hard for scholars to know how to interpret any resulting changes in the causal inference. Finally standards for credible statistical research have evolved and improved over time, requiring scholars to periodically decrement the credibility they attach to existing findings. This essay closes with ideas about how research in this domain might be improved by closer attention to detail and replication, by greater use of alternative strategies for causal inference including forward path analysis, and by a broader use of contemporary statistical tools for optimal multivariate description.

Cultural economics, books and reading (2019) 🗎🗎

The field of cultural economics is surprisingly short on research on the book market and on the activity of reading compared with other more recently invented media such as films and musical recordings. There are a number of traditional economic propositions relevant to books and reading which could be further researched. In addition, books and reading are strongly impacted by the disruptive innovations of digital technology and the use of online distribution platforms that fuel much of the research on the more recently invented cultural media. This paper gives an overview of some key new papers collected in this special issue and identifies additional lacunae in this general field of research.

Politics of dissensus in geographies of architecture: Testing equality at Ed Roberts Campus, Berkeley (2019) 🗎🗎

This paper evokes the writings of Jacques Ranciere to propose a concept of politics for geographies of architecture that is attentive to the polemical conditions under which more equal ways of composing built environments emerge. Discussing Ed Roberts Campus, a building designed and operated by the disability community in Berkeley, California, it argues for a politics of architecture that does not entail conflicts over power or identity, but revolves around a testing of materials that alters the bodily circumstances built form offers for collective inhabitation. Such testing sets in motion an uncertain process where a building undergoes constant destabilisation by new claimants who verify and expand its equality. The paper then counterpoises this disruptive politics to institutional practices in order to investigate how its fragile after-effects might be sustained.

Between inequality and difference: the creole world in the twenty-first century (2019) 🗎🗎

A major theme in contemporary social theory is the questioning and destabilization of boundaries - self/other, culture/nature and gender being the most obvious areas. Not least for this reason, creole identities, ostensibly premised on openness and mixing, deserve renewed attention. Although the term creolization, as borrowed from linguistics, is sometimes used in a broad comparative sense, the creole world refers to the outcome of a particular historical experience, namely that of displacement, slavery, emancipation and its aftermath reverberating into the present. Key terms are uprootedness, cultural mixing and creole languages existing in diglossic situations with metropolitan ones. Creole intellectuals in the Caribbean have celebrated the cultural creativity characteristic of these societies but have been criticized for ignoring class, racism and gender issues. By embracing the egalitarianism and openness of creoledom, they have become vulnerable to criticism of being handmaidens of neoliberalism or neocolonialism. Controversies over creole identity are related to fundamental questions in anthropology. Drawing on material mainly from the Indian Ocean region, in this article I attempt to create a dialogue between debates over creole identity and theoretical questions raised in social and cultural theory concerning the relationship between cultural difference and social inequality.

Repairing the Broken Earth: NK Jemisin on race and environment in transitions (2019) 🗎🗎

Sustainability transitions tend to be seen as technical, not social, affairs. Mainstream scholars and practitioners do not very often acknowledge environmental and social justice in their transitions work. They seldom recognize rights for racially marginalized people, or the possible existence of rights of Earth. Nor do they query whether they are exaggerating the reach of scientific and technological solutions. By contrast, some recent ecological science fiction writing has begun to place these issues at the center of transitions. In the Broken Earth series, N.K. Jemisin explores Earth through the lens of racial and ecological injustice. She interrogates four themes relevant to transitions. How should we live in a climate-changed world? What role does racial and social subordination play in destroying the environment? What are the dangers of hubris in seeking out a fundamental change through science and technology that cannot be readily controlled after all? How should we think about Earth itself? I conclude with some thoughts on how Earth could be made 'unbroken' again through integrating recognition, humility, renewal, and redistribution into transitions.

The moral geography of the Earth system (2019) 🗎🗎

Human impacts on the Earth system have profound moral consequences. The uneven generation and distribution of harms, and the acceleration of human forces now altering how the Earth system functions, also trouble moral accounts of belonging. This article shows how moral geography can be renewed in this context. It begins by identifying how human impacts on the Earth system are shifting global norms of sustainability, such as in calls to enhance planetary stewardship and to transform social values. These shifts are important in themselves, but also reveal a deeper challenge to moral geography and the counterfactual heuristics traditionally relied on to understand belonging. In response, many critical scholars have rethought the terms and conditions of belonging in the Anthropocene in reference to considerations of novelty, time, ontology, and agency. I argue that these strategies face difficulties that are not only analytical, but which also arise from new practices of belonging that accept critiques yet reach markedly different conclusions. I examine two cases of this kind. The first treats human forces as a geological sphere: the technosphere. The second incorporates the planetary boundaries framework of Earth system science as the basis for a grundnorm (a norm basic to all others) in international programmes of environmental law and governance. Examining these two practices within the broader context of shifts in sustainability reveals a new politics of naturalisation unperturbed by critical scholarship on the Anthropocene. By contrast, a renewed moral geography can identify how earlier norms of sustainable development, especially the promotion of economic instruments to secure environmental relief, now structure the incorporation of Earth system science in sustainability transitions. Retaining the structure of sustainability and accepting critiques of the Anthropocene are now giving rise to a new form of neoliberalism without nature.

The ontological politics of (in-)equality: a new research approach for post-development (2019) 🗎🗎

This article aims to add a new line of research to the post-development school of thought. Drawing on the many evident yet rarely noticed parallels between post-development and (post-)anarchism, I develop an understanding of 'anarchistic post-development' as a politics based on what French philosopher Jacques Ranciere calls 'the presupposition of equality'. I further connect this with Arturo Escobar and Marisol De la Cadena's concept of political ontology, suggesting that we can make sense of and analyse both contemporary 'Development' projects as well as anarchistic post-developmental 'alternatives to Development' through the lens of what I call 'the ontological politics of (in-)equality'. To substantiate my points, I will draw on the recent case of a Maori tribe who won a historical legal battle to declare the Whanganui River a living entity.

Ordoliberalism and Neoliberalization: Governing through Order or Disorder (2019) 🗎🗎

Although both promote a free market and strong state, ordoliberalism is usefully contrasted with neoliberalization. Ordoliberals aim to achieve this goal by creating a juridico-political institutional fix that provides a stable framework for accumulation. Promoters of neoliberal regime shifts pursue it through strategies of destabilization that exploit resulting crises. Ordoliberalism governs through order, neoliberalization through disorder. Further, ordoliberalism corresponds more to an accumulation regime and mode of regulation-cum-governance based on a productivist concept of capital, reflecting the dominance of profit-producing capital in coordinated market economies. But it also has limited conditions of possibility and is relatively rare. In contrast, neoliberalization corresponds more to what Weber described as politically oriented capitalism, especially a finance-dominated accumulation regime, which is aligned with interest-bearing capital. It occurs in many more varieties of capitalism.

Selling Eden: Environmentalism, Local Meat, and the Postcommodity Fetish (2019) 🗎🗎

Advocates for eating locally raised animals claim that their practice is helpful in protecting the environment. However, the opposite is true. As such, their references to "nature" have less to do with a scientific stable ecosystem and, instead, represent a call for a return to a "natural" order of human's supposedly benevolent domain over other animals. Instead of a science-based environmental policy, local meat operates as a type of "postcommodity fetish." It is because of the desire to escape the confines of consumerist culture, to return to romanticized idea of Edenic-purity, which underlies the desire to purchase "locally" produced animal products.

Habit as a central concept in marketing (2019) 🗎🗎

This article reorients the conceptual architecture of marketing theory. It is proposed that marketing is the dynamic force that economists and sociologists seek to explain the centrality of habit in everyday life. Questioning the arguments proffered by these twin disciplines, we submit that these processes of habit formation are not 'undesigned' or 'hidden', but perfectly visible and articulated by theorists and practitioners alike. These debates are complex. We outline their 'strategic logic', tracking the constitutive function of the discourse of habit. We unravel the theorized processes of habit formation as these are emplaced at the subconscious level and conceptualized via the 'subconscious self'. Theoretically, we account for these power relations by uniting the concepts of biopolitics and anatomo-politics in terms of 'bio-anatomopolitics'. Marketing, therefore, must be considered a disciplinary vehicle oriented towards habit creation and the destabilization of inertia.

The Social Creation of Morality and Complicity in Collective Harms: A Kantian Account (2019) 🗎🗎

This article considers the charge that citizens of developed societies are complicit in large-scale harms, using climate destabilisation as its central example. It contends that we have yet to create a lived morality - a fabric of practices and institutions - that is adequate to our situation. As a result, we participate in systematic injustice, despite all good efforts and intentions. To make this case, the article draws on recent discussions of Kant's ethics and politics. Section 2 considers Tamar Schapiro's account of how otherwise decent actions can be corrupted by others' betrayals, and hence fall into complicity. Section 3 turns to discussions by Christine Korsgaard and Lucy Allais, which highlight how people can be left without innocent choices if shared frameworks of interaction do not instantiate core ideals. Section 4 brings these ideas together in order to make sense of the charge of complicity in grave collective harms, and addresses some worries that the idea of unavoidable complicity may raise.

What does Canute want? The "Monash Forum" and the Australian Climate Deadlock (2019) 🗎🗎

The speed of sustainability socio-technical transitions is dependent upon many factors. One of these is the amount, skill and success of political incumbent resistance. Australia has been a spectacular example of this resistance - politically, economically and culturally. This article contextualizes the recent effort of a collection of federal MPs, grandly if inaccurately named the 'Monash Forum', who advocated for the state-funded construction of a new coal-fired power station. If successful, such a move would consolidate the victories already achieved in slowing the socio-technical transition away from centralized fossil fuel-based electricity generation towards a more decentralized and diverse range of renewable energy generation, storage and supply. The Forum can be used as an object that is 'good to think with,' as a prism that lets us see the trajectories of politics, economics and culture. The article offers eight ways that the Monash Forum can be considered, within the broader scope of Australia's climate deadlock.

Defrosting concepts, destabilizing doxa: Critical phenomenology and the perplexing particular (2019) 🗎🗎

A key problem for critical theory is how to problematize the very concepts that undergird its own frameworks once they have become canonical. The more that certain constructs come to dominate an intellectual landscape and train our critical gaze, the more important this task becomes. To address this challenge, I offer a phenomenological approach to concept critique. I propose to consider critical phenomenology, at least in its most radical form, as an experience-near process of concept destabilization. I build upon Arendt's intriguing formulation: thinking is a form of experience that disquiets concepts. She calls this 'defrosting.' I further suggest that perplexing particulars hold this kind of disruptive defrosting potential, helping us awaken our own critical gaze.

Silencing trust: confidence and familiarity in re-engineering knowledge infrastructures (2020) 🗎🗎

In this paper, we tell the story of efforts currently underway, on diverse fronts, to build digital knowledge repositories ('knowledge-bases') to support research in the life sciences. If successful, knowledge bases will be part of a new knowledge infrastructure-capable of facilitating ever-more comprehensive, computational models of biological systems. Such an infrastructure would, however, represent a sea-change in the technological management and manipulation of complex data, inducing a generational shift in how questions are asked and answered and results published and circulated. Integrating such knowledge bases into the daily workflow of the lab thus destabilizes a number of well-established habits which biologists rely on to ensure the quality of the knowledge they produce, evaluate, communicate and exploit. As the story we tell here shows, such destabilization introduces a situation of unfamiliarity, one that carries with it epistemic risks. It should elicit-to use Niklas Luhmann's terms-the question of trust: a shared recognition that the reliability of research practices is being risked, but that such a risk is worth taking in view of what may be gained. And yet, the problem of trust is being unexpectedly silenced. How that silencing has come about, why it matters, and what might yet be done forms the heart of this paper.

A Posthumanist Unsmoothing of Narrative Smoothing (2020) 🗎🗎

Researchers assert that narratives do political work. Yet, in this article, we trouble the nature of this political work to account for narrative inquiry's smoothing over of polyvocality for univocal coherence. Our posthumanist unsmoothing builds an analytical example around three successive Latourian tasks to bring to the fore competing voices and truths often obscured in conventional narrative. Drawing from ethnographic data of one low-income rural family, we seek to complicate the human-centered deficit perspective. In teasing out various voices and sociotechnical systems, this posthuman analytic exposes the hidden ways in which human lives are conditioned by political forces, which order the human conscious. As ethical beings, we take responsibility for promoting analytical tools as a means of addressing advocacy as well as social justice concerns. Ultimately, we expose implications for a narrative unsmoothing that rethinks democracy and political efforts to reclaim the voice of the marginalized, such that it can dismantle deficit perspectives, inform greater sociopolitical understandings, and mobilize more just democracies. Our task as critical scholars is to carve provocative methodological spaces for new lines of inquiry that expand our horizon of hope.

Reconstructing Retirement as an Enterprising Endeavor (2020) 🗎🗎

This article explores issues of age and enterprise in later life as manifested in tensions between retiree and entrepreneurial identities. We utilize the concept of a discursive event to examine time-bound online data, specifically media texts and reader comments associated with the online news coverage of an insurance company report. This report introduced the label Weary to describe "working entrepreneurial and active retirees." Our analysis shows how keeping healthy and active are constructed as insufficient markers of a productive and successful older age. These markers are supplanted by a neoliberal discourse that prioritizes enterprise and economic productivity in retirement. However, the Weary subject position has implications within this discourse that constrain the valued contribution of older adults to productive work yet deny access to this group to entrepreneurial endeavors. This highlights the destabilization of retirement and critical tensions in its discursive reconceptualization as a period of entrepreneurial endeavor.

Two provocations for the study of digital politics in time (2020) 🗎🗎

This article confronts some of the difficulties that temporality poses for the study of digital politics. Where previous articles have discussed the unique methodological challenges for digital politics research - centrally, that we face ceteris paribus problems when attempting to study how people use a medium that is itself still being developed - this article addresses the underlying subject of temporality itself. It offers two distinct provocations. First, it discusses what we are ignoring when we discuss Internet politics in terms of an overarching "digital age" or "digital era." Conceptualizing a uniform digital age in contraposition to previous media regimes is an easy heuristic crutch, but it comes at the cost of rendering key features of the sociotechnical system invisible. Second, the article distinguishes temporal rhythm from the more common concepts of linear and cyclical time. Particularly in the areas of contentious politics and media politics - areas that are central to the topics covered in this special issue - some of the core changes in institutional processes can be understood as a breakdown of routinized temporal processes. The article then offers suggestions for how digital politics scholars can better incorporate temporal concepts into our research.

Rethinking the meaning of "landscape shocks" in energy transitions: German social representations of the Fukushima nuclear accident (2020) 🗎🗎

Sociotechnical sustainability transitions are understood to involve changes in cultural meaning, alongside a wide variety of other changes. One of the most popular conceptual models of such change, the multi-level perspective, exogenously locates slow-changing cultural factors in the 'sociotechnical landscape', viewing this landscape as periodically subject to 'shocks' that may support the break-through of niche innovations. Here we emphasise that shock to a sociotechnical system has social psychological dimensions, including meaning-related correlates. Accordingly, we apply social representations theory, as a theory of meaning, to provide a social psychological account of energy landscape shock and associated policy change. For illustration we take newspaper representations of the 2011 German social and policy response to the nuclear accident at the Fukushima Daiichi power plant in Japan. The study illustrates the inter-related role of affect, identity and symbolic meaning-making in the public response to a sociotechnical landscape shock.

An exploration of earth system vulnerability in the context of landfills in the Anthropocene (2020) 🗎🗎

The Anthropocene refers to a geological epoch dominated by humans. Within this epoch atmospheric, geological, hydrological, biospheric and other earth systemic processes change due to human activity and can no longer only be ascribed to nature. The far-reaching effects of human activity lead to vulnerability of the earth system. One of the consequences of human activity that has a profound impact in the Anthropocene and that acts as a catalyst of vulnerability, is waste. In fact, Hecht (2018:111) has described the Anthropocene as the "apotheosis of waste ". Within the context of the Anthropocene this article explores Martha Fineman's vulnerability theory and Louis Kotze 's related and extended framework of earth systemic vulnerability. Both Fineman and Kotze argue for a destabilisation of traditional legal subjectivity Their point of departure is not the Western, liberal autonomous subject, but rather the universal vulnerable subject that demands a responsive state. A responsive state should produce sources of resilience to counteract universal vulnerability. Kotze 's theoretical extension of Fineman universal vulnerability to earth system vulnerability is in step with the nonhuman turn, a movement associated with the late twentieth century, and set on the decentering of humans. Instead, the movement accentuates the agency of nonhumans. By extending the universal vulnerable subject to be more inclusive and encompass the nonhuman subject as well, the vulnerability of other elements of the earth system can also be highlighted. Fineman's response to traditional notions of subjectivity emerged as a critique of formal equality. It is therefore necessary to consider whether the notion of the universal vulnerable subject is relevant in the South African context. The latter is characterised by a human rights approach advocating substantive equality. Although the South African approach to human rights therefore differs from the American one, Kotze highlights other shortcomings of human rights in the Anthropocene. They create space for vulnerability theory to enhance approaches to complex problems associated with the epoch. The concept of the universal vulnerable subject can, for instance, be utilised to question the anthropocentric approach to subjectivity. After establishing that vulnerability theory and earth system vulnerability can contribute to the South African socio-legal discourse on the Anthropocene, the authors explore earth systemic vulnerability of vulnerable subjects in the context of landfills. These vulnerabilities, cautions Kohn (2014:27), are not innate to the vulnerable subject but are produced by relationships between the subjects and their environments. Building on this proviso, the article demonstrates that earth systemic vulnerability is caused by relationships between vulnerable human and nonhuman subjects and the landfill environment on both micro- and macroecological levels. It traces personal, relational and institutional vulnerabilities of both nonhuman and human entities. The article traces nonhuman and human vulnerabilities related to microecological bacterial relationships in the context of waste decomposition in landfills, personal and relational vulnerabilities caused by relationships between waste pickers, other stakeholders and their environment, and eventually global relationships that expose personal, relational and institutional vulnerability of macroecologies. By introducing a broad and expansive universal vulnerable subject inclusive of nonhuman entities, the authors endeavour to contribute to the legal theoretical foundation of waste management by advocating a progressive approach to waste theory. This analysis is analogous to similar work done within the context of climate change. Within the Anthropocene there is room for theoretical work using a wider lens that not only concentrates on the local context, but rather highlights the vulnerability of micro- and macroecologies. Due to scope considerations two other aspects of the vulnerability analysis will be considered in a forthcoming article, in which we will consider how vulnerable subjects use sources of resilience to counter earth system vulnerability and investigate the role of the responsive state in the creation of sources of resilience.

Carceral lock-in: How organizational conditions stymie the development of justice alternatives in a rape crisis center (2020) 🗎🗎

Many perpetrators of sexual violence are themselves victims of similar crimes. Such "complex victims" do not fit neatly into the dichotomous categories of victim and perpetrator essential to the functioning of the adversarial criminal-legal system. How anti-rape activists attempt to incorporate complex victims into their work illustrates challenges they experience when wrestling with the carceral state more broadly. In this article, I draw on 32 months of participant observation and 40 in-depth interviews to show how organizational conditions-departmental silos and physical infrastructure-prevent activists' treatment of complex victims. Building on the concept of path dependence from organization theory, I argue that carceral understandings of harm become "locked-in" despite activists' anti-carceral attitudes. This article identifies barriers to the treatment of complex victims, further explains feminist activists' simultaneously contentious and coalitional relationship with the carceral state, and introduces the concept of carceral lock-in to help understand impediments to justice alternatives.

Fitting the description: historical and sociotechnical elements of facial recognition and anti-black surveillance (2020) 🗎🗎

It is increasingly evident that if researchers and policymakers want to meaningfully develop an understanding of responsible innovation, we must first ask whether some sociotechnical systems should be developed, at all. Here I argue that systems like facial recognition, predictive policing, and biometrics are predicated on myriad human prejudicial biases and assumptions which must be named and interrogated prior to any innovation. Further, the notions of individual responsibility inherent in discussions of technological ethics and fairness overburden marginalized peoples with a demand to prove the realityoftheir marginalization. Instead, we should focus on equity and justice, valuing the experiential knowledge of marginalized peoples and optimally positioning them to enact deep, lasting change. My position aligns with those in Science, Technology, and Society (STS) which center diverse and situated knowledges, and is articulated together with calls for considering within science and engineering wider sociocultural concerns like justice and equality.

American political development and new challenges of causal inference (2020) 🗎🗎

Members of the subfield of American Political Development (APD), like other political scientists, are confronting the identification revolution in the social sciences. They are exploring whether and how evolving standards of causal inference can shape the research the subfield performs. Almost by definition, APD research involves analyzing observational data, where variation in the data is provided by 'nature', and thus faces the formidable challenges that follow from the inability of the researcher to manipulate the assignment of units of interest to treatment and control conditions. Fortunately, the very scope of historical analysis can create opportunities to take advantage of natural experiments and exogenous inputs that alter the course of events to produce more convincing causal analyses. Yet, historical investigation presents unique challenges to standard methodological approaches, certainly no less the case when causal identification is prioritized. Understanding and confronting these challenges is essential to taking advantage of inferential opportunities presented by historical data, as our consideration of scholarship on economic development demonstrates.

Situating Moral Agency: How Postphenomenology Can Benefit Engineering Ethics (2020) 🗎🗎

This article identifies limitations in traditional approaches to engineering ethics pedagogy, reflected in an overreliance on disaster case studies. Researchers in the field have pointed out that these approaches tend to occlude ethically significant aspects of day-to-day engineering practice and thus reductively individualize and decontextualize ethical decision-making. Some have proposed, as a remedy for these defects, the use of research and theory from Science and Technology Studies (STS) to enrich our understanding of the ways in which technology and engineering practice are intricated in social and institutional contexts. While endorsing this approach, this article also argues that STS scholarship may not sufficiently address the kinds of questions about normativity and agency that are essential to engineering ethics. It proposes making use of the growing body of research in a field called "postphenomenology," an approach that combines STS research with the traditional phenomenological concern with the standpoint of lived-experience. Postphenomenology offers a method of inquiry that combines STS's investigation into social and institutional dimensions of technology with phenomenological reflection on our lived experience of embodied engagement with technical objects and sociotechnical systems, particularly the ways in which these involvements affect our moral perception and agency. The aim in using this approach in engineering ethics is thus to illuminate moral dimensions of everyday professional life of which practitioners may not typically be aware. The article concludes with some concrete curricular interventions for engineering ethics classrooms.

Anticipatory news infrastructures: Seeing journalism's expectations of future publics in its sociotechnical systems (2020) 🗎🗎

To understand news rhythms, scholars have primarily studied how the rituals and routines of news organizations align with the practices and expectations of audiences. The rhythms of today's networked press, though, are set not only by journalists and consumers but also by largely invisible digital infrastructures: software, data, and technologies from outside newsrooms that are increasingly intertwined with journalistic work. Here, we argue that the rhythms of the contemporary,networkedpress live in the materials, practices, and values of hybrid, time-setting sociotechnical systems, a new concept we callanticipatory news infrastructure.We explicate this concept through a typology of sociotechnical dynamics, showing how the networked press is poised to sense events, structure journalistic work, predict and commodify traffic, architect audience relations, and categorize content. We argue that these infrastructures anticipatepossiblepublic life, thus creatinganticipation publicsthrough their largely invisible power to shape expectations of journalists and audiences alike.

Semantic narrowing in risk talk: The prevalence of communicative path dependency (2020) 🗎🗎

This study concerns risk talk. Recent studies draw attention to the significance of communication for the development of intelligent (reflexive) as opposed to compliance-focused, secondary forms of risk management, but also show that risk management systems do not necessarily produce reflective forms of risk talk. To develop an understanding of why reflective risk talk is (un)able to unfold, we study, through a Luhmannian lens, the communicative practices via which reflections on product quality problems as risk unfold in the setting of a division of a multinational manufacturing firm. The study shows how a technical product quality issue ended up being reduced to a financial risk calculation. In so doing, the study makes three contributions. First, we complement the prevailing focus on the role of risk tools and experts in the organisational life of risk management with an analysis of the ways communicative practices constitute organisational risk management. Second, by explicating the ways in which risk semantics in use can narrow the organisational understanding of risks, we show how pluralistic understandings of risks are easily lost at the interfaces of cross-functional communication. Third, we offer an explanation as to why risk talk may not engender the intended reflectivity. Rather than attributing this to secondary risk management, we propose that reflective risk talk is sometimes hampered by `communicative path dependency', meaning that some organisations fail to change risk talk because of communicative practices that rather than to develop, delimit and perpetuate the observable and addressable space for talking about risks.

Cultural transmission, education-promoting attitudes, and economic development (2020) 🗎🗎

This study emphasises the interdependence between physical capital formation and the cultural transmission of human capital-promoting attitudes and values. It demonstrates how this interdependence establishes a powerful propagation mechanism that generates multiple, divergent paths of economic development. It also highlights the role of physical capital formation in expanding the conditions that are propitious to path-dependency in models of cultural transmission: Even in the absence of a cultural complementarity, the long-run equilibrium is sensitive to the initial distribution of cultural attitudes among the population, as long as the combined effects of physical capital formation and social segregation permeate the process of cultural transmission. (C) 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Processualizing Data: Variants of Process-Produced Data (2020) 🗎🗎

The greatly increased importance of diachronic process perspectives in the social sciences has led to process-produced data (PPD) becoming one of the main topics of this debate. However, its current use is peculiarly ambivalent. It oscillates between substantialist understandings and self-evident use. This article stresses the beforehand conceptual decisions made by the researcher that eventually define data, that is, which materials become PPD. Because process-oriented research rests on heterogenous conceptions of temporality, it is especially these conceptions researchers must make transparent. Drawing on social constructivism, extended by path dependency, happenings, and events, the article exemplifies one conceptual foundation and, using insights from two research projects (historical discussion circles and trajectories of digital infrastructures), a particular specification of PPD. The article thus contributes to the necessary methodological reflection on PPD, and, at the same time, responds to the need for diachronic social research in order to grasp contemporary processes of digitalization.

Constructing the Meaning of Humanoid Sex Robots (2020) 🗎🗎

Humanoid sex robots seem to challenge the human-machine distinction because one way to engage with them is to entertain the illusion that they are human and appropriate for intimacy. This inclination is intentionally induced by robot designers, and several narratives envision and claim that robots of the future will be indistinguishable from humans. Taking an anticipatory ethics approach and using critical discourse analysis, we argue that current discourse about sex robots does not adequately recognize the sociotechnical nature of humanoid sex robot development. We challenge the idea that the human-machine distinction will inevitably dissolve because of technological advancements. Recognition of the social influences on technological development is key to understanding the coherence, or lack thereof, of many narratives of the future that are currently put forward.

The paradox of the long term: human evolution and entanglement star (2020) 🗎🗎

Over recent decades, many archaeologists have eschewed evolutionary theories, and in doing so they have turned away from the identification of long-term trends that are of great relevance to present-day matters of concern. In particular, there is clear evidence for an overall long-term increase in the amount of human-made material and associated human-thing entanglements, an increase tied up with environmental impact and global inequalities. The directionality of these long-term changes is clear and yet evolutionary theory largely shuns notions of overall directional change. This paradox and its implications are the subject of this article, with the suggestion made that, for human evolution at least, notions of directionality and path dependence need to be embraced, with concomitant changes in human evolutionary theory, and with implications for responses to environmental change. Adding to earlier accounts of entanglement, emphases are placed on the self-amplifying processes that lead to change and on irreversibility in the place of teleology.

Malthus's specter and the anthropocene (2020) 🗎🗎

Hegemonic narratives and practices around environmental change, even when coming from concerned and seemingly progressive fronts, often contribute to a larger project of population control. The Malthusian specter of overpopulation looms large in pervasive images of imminent ecological disaster in ways that are profoundly depoliticizing and that serve projects of militarization, misogyny, and racism. In this paper, we expose and challenge problematic discourses of neo-Malthusian environmental change, paying particular attention to discourses surrounding climate change. Aiming to bring history, geography and politics back into public debate on environmental change, we argue for the destabilization of neo-Malthusianism and see this as key to building a (feminist) political ecology of climate change.

Thinking Absence: A Discussion of "The Analyst's Necessary Nonsovereignty and the Generative Power of the Negative" (2020) 🗎🗎

I begin by discussing the nature of the negative in McGleughlin's paper (this issue), offering some examples of my own from the films of Kubrick and Malick. I go on to address how the negative can be a relational conception, as I read McGleughlin to suggest, and the role of destabilization as a clinical process in work with the negative, as well as in work with states of mind that allow representation. I end with a discussion of the application of a controversy over Lacan's conception of the Real to the idea of the negative, and I suggest that analysts need to cultivate, for different kinds of psychic phenomena, both nonsovereignty and creative, expanded sovereignty.

Evolutionary contingency as non-trivial objective probability: Biological evitability and evolutionary trajectories (2020) 🗎🗎

Contingency-theorists have put forth differing accounts of evolutionary contingency. The bulk of these accounts abstractly refer to certain causal structures in which an evolutionarily contingent outcome is supposedly embedded. For example, an outcome is evolutionarily contingent if it is at the end of a 'path-dependent' or 'causally dependent' causal chain. However, this paper argues that many of these proposals fail to include a desideratum - the notion of biological evitability or that evolutionary outcomes could have been otherwise - that for good theoretical reasons ought to be part of an account of evolutionary contingency. Although an inclusion of this desideratum might seem obvious enough, under some existing accounts, an outcome can be contingent yet inevitable all the same. In my diagnosis of this issue, I develop the idea of trajectory propensity to highlight the fact that there are plausible biological scenarios in which causal structures, alone, fail to exhaustively determine the biological evitability of evolutionary forms. In the second half of the paper, I present two additional desiderata of an account of evolutionary contingency and, subsequently, proffer a novel account of evolutionary contingency as non-trivial objective probability, which overcomes the shortcomings of some previous proposals. According to this outcome-based account, contingency claims are probabilistic statements about an evolutionary outcome's objective probability of evolution within a specifically defined modal range: an outcome, O, is evolutionarily contingent in modal range, R, to the degree of objective probability, P (where P is in between 1 and 0).

Unexpected entrepreneurs: the identity work of entrepreneurs with disabilities (2020) 🗎🗎

Drawing on in-depth interviews, this study investigates how entrepreneurs with disabilities (EWDs) position themselves, in their identity work, vis-a-vis dominant, normative representations of the entrepreneur that tend to exclude them. Addressing the current neglect in how EWDs deal with such discursive barriers, we document four identity positions which they deploy, in various combinations, to construct an identity as an entrepreneur. Our findings show that outward positions, by which EWDs compare their own self with (non)-entrepreneurial (able-bodied) others and emphasize similarity and uniqueness, reproduce normative representations of the entrepreneur. Inward positions, by which EWDs engage in inner conversations contrasting their current self with older, aspirational or impossible selves, on the contrary lead to the destabilization of normative representations. This study speaks back to wider debates in entrepreneurship studies, including the plea to consider 'ordinary' entrepreneurs, the difference between 'being' an entrepreneur and 'doing' entrepreneurship, and the value in difference.

The Paradoxical Malthusian. A Promethean Perspective on Vaclav Smil's Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities (MIT Press, 2019) and Energy and Civilization: A History (MIT Press, 2017) (2020) 🗎🗎

Prolific energy writer Vaclav Smil's "Growth: From Microorganisms to Megacities" (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2019) is marketed as the most comprehensive study of the modalities of growth in Earth's life systems in their many natural, social, and technological forms. While the book reflects Smil's strength as a polymath, it also brings into focus his Malthusian outlook. Smil's Malthusianism is puzzling in light of much empirical evidence to the contrary and of his own detailed histories of human technological achievements, including his recent massive synthesis "Energy and Civilization: A History" (MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, 2017). In keeping with Smil's historical emphasis, in this review essay, the Malthusian assumptions, assertions, and conclusions of these books are challenged through the Promethean insights of numerous writers whose output long predates the modern environmental movement and can thus avoid charges of "greenwashing". I make a case that, in the context of market economies (i.e., competition, price system, and private property rights), humans' unique propensity to trade physical goods and to (re)combine things in new ways have long delivered both improved standards of living and environmental remediation. I further suggest that it is not the volume of materials handled, but rather how they are handled that determines the impact of economic growth on the biosphere. While Professor Smil is fond of saying that "numbers don't lie", his work illustrates that they are sometimes made to tell an unduly pessimistic story through the intellectual filters created by an author's assumptions and value judgements.

POLICING, 'SCIENCE', AND THE CURIOUS CASE OF PHOTO-FIT (2020) 🗎🗎

This article analyses the curious development and subsequent refinement of the Photo-FIT system for the identification of criminal suspects, used by police forces around the world from the 1970s. Situating Photo-FIT in a succession of other technologies of identification, it demonstrates that, far from representing the onward march of science and technology (and the way in which both were harnessed to the power of the state in the twentieth century), Photo-FIT was the brainchild of an idiosyncratic entrepreneur wedded to increasingly outmoded notions of physiognomy. Its adoption by the Home Office was primarily determined by the particular context of the later 1960s, and its continued use owed more to vested interest and energetic promotion than to scientific underpinnings or proven efficacy. It did, however, in the longer term, provide the impetus for the development of a new sub-field of psychology and pave the way for the development of increasingly sophisticated facial identification technologies still used today. Overall, the article demonstrates the long persistence of physiognomic thinking in twentieth-century Britain, the way in which new technology is socially constructed, and the persuasive power of 'pseudo-science'.

Creative destruction in science (2020) 🗎🗎

Drawing on the concept of a gale of creative destruction in a capitalistic economy, we argue that initiatives to assess the robustness of findings in the organizational literature should aim to simultaneously test competing ideas operating in the same theoretical space. In other words, replication efforts should seek not just to support or question the original findings, but also to replace them with revised, stronger theories with greater explanatory power. Achieving this will typically require adding new measures, conditions, and subject populations to research designs, in order to carry out conceptual tests of multiple theories in addition to directly replicating the original findings. To illustrate the value of the creative destruction approach for theory pruning in organizational scholarship, we describe recent replication initiatives re-examining culture and work morality, working parents' reasoning about day care options, and gender discrimination in hiring decisions. Significance statement: It is becoming increasingly clear that many, if not most, published research findings across scientific fields are not readily replicable when the same method is repeated. Although extremely valuable, failed replications risk leaving a theoretical void-reducing confidence the original theoretical prediction is true, but not replacing it with positive evidence in favor of an alternative theory. We introduce the creative destruction approach to replication, which combines theory pruning methods from the field of management with emerging best practices from the open science movement, with the aim of making replications as generative as possible. In effect, we advocate for a Replication 2.0 movement in which the goal shifts from checking on the reliability of past findings to actively engaging in competitive theory testing and theory building. Scientific transparency statement: The materials, code, and data for this article are posted publicly on the Open Science Framework, with links provided in the article.

Gales, Streams, and Multipliers: Conceptual Metaphors and Theory Development in Business History (2020) 🗎🗎

Conceptual metaphors, like Galambos and Amatori's "entrepreneurial multiplier," play a pivotal but largely unexamined role in historical interpretation. They do this by allowing historians to see one set of historical associations or relationships in terms of another, more familiar, one. I highlight this interpretive role by comparing Galambos and Amatori's construct to Joseph Schumpeter's "gale of creative destruction" and Arthur Cole's "entrepreneurial stream" as metaphors that attempt to explain the relationship between entrepreneurship and historical change. I also point out the risks that taken-for-granted metaphors can have in narrowing room for interpretation, and argue that reflexivity and playfulness are essential to keeping conceptual metaphors alive as interpretive devices. I conclude by suggesting that metaphors are an intrinsic form of theorizing in historical interpretation, and illustrate my argument by briefly examining "industrial revolution" as a construct in business and economic history.

Editorial: The personalisation of insurance: Data, behaviour and innovation (2020) 🗎🗎

The adoption of Big Data analytics (BDA) in insurance has proved controversial but there has been little analysis specifying how insurance practices are changing. Is insurance passively subject to the forces of disruptive innovation, moving away from the pooling of risk towards its personalisation or individualisation, and what might that mean in practice? This special theme situates disruptive innovations, particularly the experimental practices of behaviour-based personalisation, in the context of the practice and regulation of contemporary insurance. Our contributors argue that behaviour-based personalisation in insurance has different and broader implications than have yet been appreciated. BDAs are changing how insurance governs risk; how it knows, classifies, manages, prices and sells it, in ways that are more opaque and more extensive than the black boxes of in-car telematics.

Disruptive Innovation and Moral Uncertainty (2020) 🗎🗎

This paper develops a philosophical account of moral disruption. According to Robert Baker, moral disruption is a process in which technological innovations undermine established moral norms without clearly leading to a new set of norms. Here I analyze this process in terms of moral uncertainty, formulating a philosophical account with two variants. On the harm account, such uncertainty is always harmful because it blocks our knowledge of our own and others' moral obligations. On the qualified harm account, there is no harm in cases where moral uncertainty is related to innovation that is "for the best" in historical perspective or where uncertainty is the expression of a deliberative virtue. The two accounts are compared by applying them to Baker's historical case of the introduction of mechanical ventilation and organ transplantation technologies, as well as the present-day case of mass data practices in the health domain.

Arguing to Defeat: Eristic Argumentation and Irrationality in Resolving Moral Concerns (2020) 🗎🗎

By synthesizing the argumentation theory of new rhetoric with research on heuristics and motivated reasoning, we develop a conceptual view of argumentation based on reasoning motivations that sheds new light on the morality of decision-making. Accordingly, we propose that reasoning in eristic argumentation is motivated by psychological (e.g., anxiety reduction) or material (e.g., vested interests) gains that do not depend on resolving the problem in question truthfully. Contrary to heuristic argumentation, in which disputants genuinely argue to reach a practically rational solution, eristic argumentation aims to defeat the counterparty rather than seeking a reasonable solution. Eristic argumentation is susceptible to arbitrariness and power abuses; therefore, it is inappropriate for making moral judgments with the exception of judgments concerning moral taboos, which are closed to argumentation by their nature. Eristic argumentation is also problematic for strategic and entrepreneurial decision-making because it impedes the search for the right heuristic under uncertainty as an ecologically rational choice. However, our theoretical view emphasizes that under extreme uncertainty, where heuristic solutions are as fallible as any guesses, pretense reasoning by eristic argumentation may be instrumental for its adaptive benefits. Expanding the concept of eristic argumentation based on reasoning motivations opens a new path for studying the psychology of reasoning in connection to morality and decision-making under uncertainty. We discuss the implications of our theoretical view to relevant research streams, including ethical, strategic and entrepreneurial decision-making.

Refining Value Sensitive Design: A (Capability-Based) Procedural Ethics Approach to Technological Design for Well-Being (2020) 🗎🗎

Fundamental questions in value sensitive design include whether and how high-tech products/artefacts could embody values and ethical ideals, and how plural and incommensurable values of ethical and social importance could be chosen rationally and objectively at a collective level. By using a humanitarian cargo drone study as a starting point, this paper tackles the challenges that VSD's lack of commitment to a specific ethical theory generates in practical applications. Besides, it highlights how mainstream ethical approaches usually related to VSD are incapable of solving main ethical dilemmas raised by technological design for well-being in democratic settings. Accordingly, it is argued that VSD's ethical-democratic import would substantially be enhanced by the espousal of a procedural ethics stance and the deliberative approach to value and welfare entailed by Amartya Sen's capability approach. Differently from rival ethical-political theories, its normative and meta-ethical foundations better handle human diversity, value-goal pluralism, conflicting vested interests as well as the epistemic-moral disagreements typical of contemporary complex democracies. Particularly, Sen's capability approach procedural-deliberative tenets result in an "objective-impartial" choice procedure selecting a "hierarchy" of plural incommensurable values and rational goals thus, suitable to validate an applied science such as welfare-oriented technological design in concrete social environments. Conclusions suggest that refining VSD with a capability-based procedural approach to ethics fosters the concern for democracy and social justice while preserving vital scientific-technical standards. Major advantages are at an applied level to delivering ethically and socially justified, but yet highly functional technologies and high-tech products/artefacts.

Broken Promises of Capitalism's Wonderland: Representing Uneven Development in Contemporary China and Japan (2020) 🗎🗎

China and Japan are currently in opposing stages of the expansion process of capitalism. While China is at the centre of the global accumulation of surplus capital through urbanisation and industrial expansion-i.e. the creation stage-Japan has been stagnant in recent decades and its periphery is de-urbanising-i.e. the destruction stage. Consequences of the global spatialisation of capital, however, are similar in both cases, resulting in growing social inequalities. This article uses films to explore the influence of this process on popular culture, specifically focusing on a Chinese film-Jia Zhangke's A Touch of Sin (2013)-and a Japanese one-Kazuyoshi Kumakiri's Sketches of Kaitan City (2010). The two films are composed of interconnected segments that portray the social by-products of the spatialisation of capitalism. We argue that, despite the apparent dissimilarities, this process creates parallel realities consequential to the broken promises of advancement made by the economic system. Ultimately, this generates a distorted social space that normalises the new, worsened living conditions resulting from capitalism's continual expansion.

The Bible as a Product of Cultural Power: The Case of Gender Ideology in the English Standard Version (2020) 🗎🗎

Sociologists whose research intersects with American Christianity recognize the critical importance of the Bible to understanding many Americans' beliefs, values, and behaviors, but their operative approach to the Bible generally ignores that "the Bible" is as much a product of interpretive communities as it is a symbolic marker of identity or shaper of social life. 1 propose that rather than approaching "the Bible" through a distinctly Protestant lens, as given-specifically as uniform, static, and exogenous-sociologists should apply a critical lens to re-conceptualize the Bible more accurately. That is, sociologists should recognize that Bibles are multiform; they are dynamic; and their contents (not just their current interpretations) are highly contingent on temporal culture and power, being the product of manipulation by interpretive communities and actors with vested interests. Using a recent case study of how complementarian gender ideology became systematically inserted into one the most popular English Bible translations among evangelicals today, I illustrate how a more critical approach toward "the Bible" can provide richer, more sophisticated sociological analyses of power and cultural reproduction within Christian traditions.

The Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the necro-populationism of 'climate-smart' agriculture (2020) 🗎🗎

Agricultural and reproductive technologies ostensibly represent opposing poles within discourses on population growth: one aims to 'feed the world,' while the other seeks to limit the number of mouths there are to feed. There is, however, an urgent need to critically interrogate new discourses linking population size with climate change and promoting agricultural and reproductive technologies as a means to address associated problems. This article analyses the specific discourses produced by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (BMGF) in relation to these 'population technologies' and 'climate-smart' agriculture in particular. Drawing on concepts and approaches developed by Black, postcolonial and Marxist feminists including intersectionality, racial capitalism, social reproduction, and reproductive and environmental justice, we explore how within these discourses, the 'geo-populationism' of the BMGF's climate-smart agriculture initiatives, like the 'demo-populationism' of its family planning interventions, mobilises neoliberal notions of empowerment, productivity and innovation. Not only do these populationist discourses reinforce neoliberal framings and policies which extend existing regimes of racialised and gendered socio-spatial inequality, but they also underwrite global capital accumulation through new science and technologies. The BMGF's representations of its climate-smart agriculture initiatives offer the opportunity to understand how threats of climate change are mobilised to reanimate and repackage the Malthusian disequilibrium between human fertility and agricultural productivity. Drawing upon our readings of these discourses, we critically propose the concept of 'necro-populationism' to refer to processes that target racialised and gendered populations for dispossession, toxification, slow death and embodied violence, even while direct accountability for the effects of these changes is dispersed. We also identify a need for further research which will not only trace the ways in which the BMGF's global policies are materialised, spatialised, reproduced and reoriented by multiple actors in local contexts, but will also recognise and affirm the diverse forms through which these 'necro-populationist' processes are disavowed and resisted.

The evolutionary dynamics of expectations: Interactions among codes in inter-human communications (2020) 🗎🗎

Double contingency-each of us (Ego) expects others (Alter) to entertain expectations as we entertain them ourselves-can be considered as the micro-operation of an above-individual (i.e., social) logic of expectations. Meaning is provided to events from the perspective of hindsight, but with reference to horizons of meaning. Whereas "natural selection" is based on genotypes that are observable (like DNA), cultural selection mechanisms are not hard-wired, but evolve. The "genotypes" of cultural evolution are codes in the communication which can operate as selections upon one another. Local instantiations shape trajectories; regimes operate as selection pressure with reference to the next-order horizons of meaning. These orders of expectations can operate incursively and hyper-incursively against the arrow of time and thus generate redundancies: (i) horizons of meaning can be expected to overlap and (ii) distinctions generate new options enlarging the maximum capacities. Information theory and the theory of anticipatory systems can be used for the elaboration of operations against the arrow of time. New options can be a synergetic effect of interactions among codes in the communication and serve as sources of wealth in a knowledge-based economy.

Epidemiological Imaginaries of the Social: Epidemiologists and Pathologies of Modernization in Postcolonial Africa (2020) 🗎🗎

There is a growing anthropological literature analyzing the place that epidemiological surveillance occupies in contemporary global health. In this article, I build on this literature and take it into new directions by exploring what I call the epidemiological imaginaries of the social. Drawing on science and technology studies, I suggest that epidemiologists help make up the world, articulating complex and normatively loaded visions of social life that both enable and constrain action. More specifically, I argue that epidemiologists tell stories about the type of societies and people that compose the world and that these stories often shape global health policies and programs in powerful ways. To substantiate this argument, I examine epidemiologists' efforts to map smoking in postcolonial Africa, documenting how they have imagined smokers and smoking through the lense of modernization theory and showing how these imaginaries have shaped tobacco control policies in the region up to this day.

Why Facts Are Not Enough: Understanding and Managing the Motivated Rejection of Science (2020) 🗎🗎

Efforts to change the attitudes of creationists, antivaccination advocates, and climate skeptics by simply providing evidence have had limited success. Motivated reasoning helps make sense of this communication challenge: If people are motivated to hold a scientifically unorthodox belief, they selectively interpret evidence to reinforce their preferred position. In the current article, I summarize research on six psychological roots from which science-skeptical attitudes grow: (a) ideologies, (b) vested interests, (c) conspiracist worldviews, (d) fears and phobias, (e) personal-identity expression, and (f) social-identity needs. The case is made that effective science communication relies on understanding and attending to these underlying motivations.

After Practice? Material Semiotic Approaches to Consumption and Economy (2020) 🗎🗎

The 'turn' to practice in social theory is proving influential in the sociological study of consumption (following Warde, 2005). This article joins current debates that appraise the contributions of this growing body of work, specifically its relationship with - and possible mode of succession to - cultural studies of consumption. It considers two claims about the impact and status of practice theoretic repertoires in consumption scholarship (Warde, 2014). First, that they invite greater attention than the cultural turn to objects and technologies as material forces. Second, that they have not yet found ways to locate consumption in the context of wider economic processes. My central argument is that theories of practice offer a partial reading of materiality, and that engagement with a greater range of material semiotic approaches can help in making better links between consumption and economy. This argument is illustrated through reference to marketagencements, the social life of things, and ontological politics. I suggest these perspectives are compatible with practice theoretic approaches and that taken together, they represent some promising responses to a suite of fundamental challenges confronting consumption studies. I conclude that theories of practice - plural - have not yet run their course as an approach to consumption and economy. The parameters of consumption scholarship are also considered alongside the relationships between political economy and cultural analysis.

More than a buzzword: how intersectionality can advance social inequalities in health research (2020) 🗎🗎

Intersectionality is increasingly adopted in research to understand the complex ways that social inequalities shape health. Intersectional research thus explores how multiple forms of oppression intersect and shape how marginalised social groups experience health issues. Yet intersectionality research has often neglected to focus on the upstream structural factors that (re)produce social inequalities in health. In this paper, we argue that intersectionality can further advance social inequality in health research when it is used to understand more than just the multiplicity of socially marginalised groups' experiences and identities, but also how interlocking social structures and power relations perpetuate social inequalities in health. We suggest that analysing policy with an intersectional lens is a key entry point to empirically explicate the underlying mechanisms that permit social inequalities in health to persist. To illustrate our argument, we use the example of how an intersectional perspective can be adopted to better understand the role of tobacco control policies in contributing to social inequalities in smoking.

Evolution of the mental model: From archaic myths to modern myths (2020) 🗎🗎

In an era marked by accelerating change and destabilisation of many structures and regularities in almost all domains, it becomes crucial to understand the source and nature of the unfolding crises and their relation to social dynamics. In this paper the evolution of social dynamics is investigated not on the basis of observable structures, but the mental model of human agents, that is, how they both perceive and conceive of the world and their relation to it. For this purpose, the paper reaches out to Ancient Mesopotamia, where the oldest written documents provide evidence about the evolution of the mental model as it has been preserved in the form of myths. Some key notions filtered out from some important myths are used to analyse the interaction between the mental model and social dynamics. Finally, some criteria and directions are suggested for the present-day crises.

Motivating individuals for social transition: The 2-pathway model and experiential strategies for pro-environmental behaviour (2020) 🗎🗎

Many ecological economists advocate the need to evolve beyond capitalism if we want to flourish as a society as well as respect the safe boundaries of our planet. While becoming clearer of the shape and underlying value-structure of such a new system, we also need to think about how we can motivate people to take part in such a major social transition. This paper tackles this question by critically evaluating the underlying hedonistic-normative assumptions of current mainstream models for pro-environmental behaviours (PEB). In a self-determination theory perspective on human motivation and well-being, the paper proposes a 2-pathway model of PEB that integrates a relational pathway for environmental motivation. Based on insights from neurobiology and psychology, this paper advances current PEB theories and lays the groundwork for a new category of environmental interventions: experiential strategies. Thus, the 2-pathway model provides important theoretical insights into the link between mindfulness and sustainable lifestyles, as well as the interface between environmental behaviours and well-being. By recognising and investing in the relational capacities of individuals, we might be able to promote a society that prioritises self-actualisation over self-interest.

The origins of criminal law (2020) 🗎🗎

Sznycer and Patrick show that laypeople can intuitively recreate core aspects of criminal laws drawn from ancient, culturally foreign legal codes and argue that this is consistent with the theory that criminal laws originate in the human brain. Laws against wrongdoing may originate in justice intuitions that are part of universal human nature, according to the adaptationist theory of the origins of criminal law. This theory proposes that laws can be traced to neurocognitive mechanisms and ancestral selection pressures. According to this theory, laypeople can intuitively recreate the laws of familiar and unfamiliar cultures, even when they lack the relevant explicit knowledge. Here, to evaluate this prediction, we conduct experiments with Chinese and Sumerian laws that are millennia old; stimuli that preserve in fossil-like form the legal thinking of ancient lawmakers. We show that laypeople's justice intuitions closely match the logic and content of those archaic laws. We also show covariation across different types of justice intuitions: interpersonal devaluation of offenders, judgements of moral wrongness, mock-legislated punishments and perpetrator shame-suggesting that multiple justice intuitions may be regulated by a common social-evaluative psychology. Although alternative explanations of these findings are possible, we argue that they are consistent with the assumption that the origin of criminal law is a cognitively sophisticated human nature.

A Darwinian Approach to Postmodern Critical Theory: Or, How Did Bad Ideas Colonise the Academy? (2020) 🗎🗎

This article proposes a Darwinian approach to examine the persistence and resilience of a peculiar set of misbeliefs that have flourished in intellectual circles over the last several decades. These misbeliefs, such as the prevailing antirational explanatory models within postmodern critical theory (PMCT), might be expected to perish under the weight of critical scrutiny; that is, selection pressures would tend to weed them out in a highly competitive and rigorous "marketplace of ideas" such as the academy. Given the flourishing of PMCT and its attendant communities of practice, political economies, tribalism and social signalling, it is suggested here that it should be approached in a new way: as a significant socio-cultural cluster of misbeliefs worthy of explanation with tools honed via evolutionary science. For example, the prominence of religious-like performativity and self-validating arguments associated with PMCT makes it suitable for study from perspectives such as memetics, evolutionary psychology (EP) and signalling theory, and Moral Foundations Theory (MFT). With these approaches, a hypothesis-driven research agenda could be developed to examine the deeply-rooted cognitive basis and adaptive socio-cultural drivers behind the spread of PMCT. It is proposed that formal and systematic programmes be established to research the phenomenon, and that - just as with the study of religion - we move beyond the now long-established emphasis on intellectual critique and instead establish a broad programme in the Evolutionary Studies of Postmodernism (ESPM).

A brand storytelling approach to Covid-19's terrorealization: Cartographing the narrative space of a global pandemic (2020) 🗎🗎

This paper offers a brand storytelling or narratological account of the Covid-19 pandemic's emergence phase. By adopting a fictional ontological standpoint, the virus' deploying media-storyworld is identified with a process of narrative spacing. Subsequently, the brand's personality is analyzed as a narrative place brand. The advanced narrative model aims to outline the main episodes that make up the virus' brand personality as process and structural components (actors, settings, actions, and relationships). A series of deep or ontological metaphors are identified as the core DNA of this place brand by applying metaphorical modeling to the tropic articulation of Covid-19's narrative. The virus is fundamentally identified with terror as a menacing force that wipes out existing regimes of signification due to its uncertain motives, origins, and operational mode. In this context, familiar urban spaces, cultural practices, and intersubjective communications are redefined, repurposed, and reprogrammed. This process is called terrorealization, as the desertification and metaphorical sublation of all prior territorial significations. This study contributes to the narrative sub-stream of place branding by approaching a globally relevant socio-cultural phenomenon from a brand storytelling perspective.

Seeing like an infrastructure: avidity and difference in algorithmic recommendation (2021) 🗎🗎

As the influence of algorithmic systems has grown, critics have come to appreciate that algorithms are not autonomous technical forces, but rather heterogeneous sociotechnical systems. The people who build and maintain these infrastructures play integral roles in their functioning: in the tight and continuous cycles of contemporary software development, the thinking of developers shapes how data drives 'data-driven' organizations. This article contributes to contemporary debates on infrastructural politics by describing how the vernacular social theorizing of one group of developers tangles with their technical work. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork with developers of music recommender systems in the US, I examine how they understand the variability of music listeners. I find that the dominant frame for making sense of listener variation is avidity: a level of enthusiasm for music, which manifests as a willingness to expend effort in finding listening material. For people working in this industry, avidity displaces other ways of understanding human variety - particularly demography. While the technical communities behind these systems were predominantly white and male, they understood the difference that set them apart from most users to be their enthusiasm for music. Centreing avidity provided a way to claim elite cultural status and to avoid talking about demographic diversity. It also reflects the infrastructures through which recommender system developers know and intervene upon their users: avidity is what users look like when seen through interaction logs. Less avid users leave fewer traces, and the goal of the recommender system is to encourage them to leave more. As a result, the figure of the less avid listener serves to justify increasingly rapacious data collection practices.

Opening Up Containment (2021) 🗎🗎

Our paper contributes to Science, Technology and Society (STS) scholarship on the practices and technologies of containment. We build on existing work in STS that has analyzed containment as a performative sociotechnical system that generates and sustains new realities, new systems, and new relationships. Our contribution draws from the problem of containment in salmon aquaculture. The stakes for containing salmon are very high. Farmed salmon escapes are environmentally damaging to ecosystems and wild salmon populations, and they put additional pressure on an industry that has a very poor environmental record. We consider in detail Newfoundland and Labrador's "Code of Containment" that works to keep farmed salmon in cages and prevent them from escaping into the wild. Through our analysis of the Code, we argue that containment is not only about holding inside. It is also about holding together, an obsolete meaning of the term "to contain." We add to STS scholarship by arguing that containment and its associated Code in Newfoundland holds together a large scale, industrial aquaculture sector that tolerates persistent farmed salmon escapes into the wild from ocean-based cages. We conclude by examining the broader implications of our analysis for STS scholarship on the practices and technologies of containment.

Geographies of migration I: Platform migration (2021) 🗎🗎

This first report on research about the geographies of migration examines the sociotechnical platforms that enable migration and shape its outcomes. I begin by examining two areas of recent inquiry that analyse (1) commercial actors that form migration industries and (2) the broader infrastructures that underpin and direct migration. To elaborate on these insights, I also discuss observations of multinational (stepwise) migration as grounded evidence for the importance of sociotechnical systems in understanding the geographies of migration. Addressing platform migration reconfigures the spatialities and temporalities of migration, highlighting the diverse and distributed actors, networks and institutions generating, directing and constraining movement in the world.

Law, Code and Exploitation: How Corporations Regulate the Working Conditions of the Digital Proletariat (2021) 🗎🗎

Contrary to what orthodox Marxism claims, the article defends that the legal field has been a fundamental aspect of the capitalist social ordering, and an unavoidable feature to understand how dominated subjectivities are produced and exploited. Expanding Lessig's concept of 'code as law' with Marxist scholarly, the article argues that digital capitalists are reorganising work and the labour force through a form of algorithmic regulation. The article states that algorithms - that is, digital machines - have become not only part of the means of production of the era of automation, but also the code by which capitalists are writing the conditions of existence and exploitation of the digital proletariat. The article bridges recent contributions on labour law, AI and algorithmic regulation with the latest Marxist sociological contributions analysing the relation of work and digital exploitation, opening with it new ways to understand how sociotechnical systems owned by corporations regulate the behaviour not only of the working class but of the wider citizenry.

Scientific realism with historical essences: the case of species (2021) 🗎🗎

Natural kinds, real kinds, or, following J.S. Mill simply, Kinds, are thought to be an important asset for scientific realists in the non-fundamental (or "special") sciences. Essential natures are less in vogue. I show that the realist would do well to couple her Kinds with essential natures in order to strengthen their epistemic and ontological credentials. I argue that these essential natures need not however be intrinsic to the Kind's members; they may be historical. I concentrate on assessing the merits of historical essential natures in a paradigm case of Kinds in the non-fundamental sciences: species. I specify two basic jobs for essential natures: (1) offering individuation criteria, and (2) providing a causal explanation of the Kind's multiple projectable properties. I argue that at least in the case of species historical essences are fit for both tasks. The principled resistance to Kinds with historical essences should also be cleared.

Machines as manifestations of global systems: Steps toward a sociometabolic ontology of technology (2021) 🗎🗎

Anthropologists have generally found it reasonable to understand the Industrial Revolution in Britain as a product of global historical processes including colonialism and the structure of world trade. The extent to which the industrialization of British textile production was contingent on global processes has been illuminated in detail by historians such as Joseph Inikori. Andre Gunder Frank proposed that we should reconceptualize technological development as a 'world economic process, which took place in and because of the structure of the world economy'. Yet the theoretical implications of understanding industrial technological systems as global and unevenly distributed phenomena have, by and large, not contaminated mainstream conceptions of technologies as politically neutral and fundamentally innocent manifestations of enlightenment, detachable from the societal contexts in which they have emerged. Social theory nevertheless offers perspectives for a radical rethinking of this conventional ontology of modern technology. If the premises of actor-network theory, material culture studies, Marxism and poststructuralist critiques of power and inequalities are combined with the perspectives of ecological economics on global social metabolism, the fossil-fuelled textile factories of 19th-century Britain can be reinterpreted as social instruments for appropriating embodied human labour and natural space from elsewhere in the global system. A renewed 'anthropology of technology' might focus on the observation that technology is not simply a matter of putting nature to work, but a strategy of putting other sectors of global society to work.

Organizing workers and machine learning tools for a less oppressive workplace (2021) 🗎🗎

Machine learning tools are increasingly infiltrating everyday work life with implications for workers. By looking at machine learning tools as part of a sociotechnical system, we explore how machine learning tools enforce oppression of workers. We theorize, normatively, that with reorganizing processes in place, oppressive characteristics could be converted to emancipatory characteristics. Drawing on Paulo Freire's critical theory of emancipatory pedagogy, we outline similarities between the characteristics Freire saw in oppressive societies and the characteristics of currently designed partnerships between humans and machine learning tools. Freire's theory offers a way forward in reorganizing humans and machine learning tools in the workplace. Rather than advocating human control or the decoupling of workers and machines, we follow Freire's theory in proposing four processes for emancipatory organizing of human and machine learning partnership: 1) awakening of a critical consciousness, 2) enabling role freedom, 3) instituting incentives and sanctions for accountability, and 4) identifying alternative emancipatory futures. Theoretical and practical implications of this emancipatory organizing theory are drawn.

Science fiction as a value scenario for historical technology (2021) 🗎🗎

The value scenario is a useful tool in the sheaf of methods within value sensitive design. When envisioning new technology, this tool supports the designer in speculatively considering relevant stakeholders, values expressed or rebuffed by an artifact's design, and tensions that may exist between those values. This paper explores how science fiction stories can serve as value scenarios to supplement traditional historical methods, especially when informants are no longer accessible.

Ecomannerism (2021) 🗎🗎

Mannerism was the bridge between late Renaissance and the Baroque between 1520 and the 1600s. This movement was characterized by the destabilization of compositional elements through repetition and expressiveness, regardless of their function. This phase in history echoes a trend in contemporary architecture based on the repetition of functionless elements that constitute a 'green aesthetic' in detriment of sustainable systems. Ecomannerism is a conceptual vehicle to identify and evaluate iconic contemporary projects that are positioned between ecologies of practice and ecologies of symbols, which are directly related to the sustainable performance of the built environment.

Endogenous gender power: The two facets of empowerment* (2021) 🗎🗎

A large body of evidence suggests that women's empowerment, both within the household and in politics, benefits to children and has the potential to promote economic development. Nevertheless, the existing interactions between these two facets of empowerment have not been considered thus far. The aim of the present paper is to fill this gap by proposing a theoretical framework in which women's bargaining power within both the private sphere and the public sphere is endogenous. We show that the mutual interplay between the evolution of women's voice in the family and in society may lead to the emergence of multiple equilibria and path-dependency phenomena. We also discuss policy interventions that are the most suitable to promote women's empowerment when its multidimensional nature is taken into account.

Reintermediating Voluntary Action: The Path-Dependent Pluralization of the Italian Volunteering Field (2021) 🗎🗎

While the international literature has significantly addressed the "new forms of voluntary action," there has been limited attention paid so far to the reintermediation processes of contemporary volunteering. This paper intends to fill this gap. First, a research approach based on a renewed sociological consideration of volunteering, path dependency and strategic field theory is presented and four ideal-typical traditions of volunteering (active membership, direct, program-based and organize-it-yourselves) are introduced. Then the Italian case is explored. Although the analysis is only exploratory, it enables us to understand the coevolutions of the four traditions and to identify a new restructuration model based on professional agencies coming from the membership tradition. The paper can help future studies to reconsider the magnitude and dynamics of second modernity trends and to tackle continuities and changes in the reintermediation of volunteering in situated and processual terms.

The tragedy of the canon; or, path dependence in the history and philosophy of science (2021) 🗎🗎

We have previously argued that historical cases must be rendered canonical before they can plausibly serve as evidence for philosophical claims, where canonicity is established through a process of negotiation among historians and philosophers of science (Bolinska and Martin, 2020). Here, we extend this proposal by exploring how that negotiation might take place in practice. The working stock of historical examples that philosophers tend to employ has long been established informally, and, as a result, somewhat haphazardly. The composition of the historical canon of philosophy of science is therefore path dependent, and cases often become stock examples for reasons tangential to their appropriateness for the purposes at hand. We show how the lack of rigor around the canonization of case studies has muddied the waters in selected philosophical debates. This, in turn, lays the groundwork for proposing ways in which they can be improved.

Systemic Oversimplification Limits the Potential for Human-AI Partnership (2021) 🗎🗎

The modern world is evolving rapidly, especially with respect to the development and proliferation of increasingly intelligent, artificial intelligence (AI) and AI-related technologies. Nevertheless, in many ways, what this class of technologies has offered as return on investment remains less impressive than what has been promised. In the present paper, we argue that the continued failure to realize the potential in modern AI and AI-related technologies is largely attributable to the oversimplified, yet pervasive ways that our global society treats the relationship between these technologies and humans. Oversimplified concepts, once conveyed, tend to perpetuate myths that in turn limit the impact of such technologies in human society. To counter these oversimplifications, we offer a theoretical construct, which we call the landscape of human-AI partnership. This construct characterizes individual capability for real-world task performance as a dynamic function of information certainty, available time to respond, and task complexity. With this, our goal is to encourage more nuanced discourse about novel ways to solve challenges to modern and future sociotechnical societies, but without defaulting to notions that remain rooted in today's technologies-as-tools ways of thinking. The core of our argument is that society at large must recognize that intelligent technologies are evolving well beyond being mere tools for human use and are instead becoming capable of operating as interdependent teammates. This means that how we think about interactions between humans and AI needs to go beyond a "Human-or-AI" conversation about task assignments to more contextualized "Human-and-AI" way of thinking about how best to capitalize on the strengths hidden within emergent capabilities of unique human-AI partnerships that have yet to be fully realized.

The promises and pitfalls of path dependence frameworks for analyzing penal change (2021) 🗎🗎

Although the study of penal changes throughout history is central to punishment studies, the field has taken little from historical institutionalists' theories of institutional change. One of the most relevant such theories is path dependence. This article outlines path dependence frameworks' most fruitful elements for studying penal change. Drawing on foundational political science and historical sociology texts, as well as several punishment scholars' works, this article highlights the advantages of thinking through stasis and change, mechanisms of inertia such as feedback effects, and exogenous shocks. While path dependence offers a powerful framework, it can also be an unsatisfying explanation at times, particularly when path dependence is itself a seemingly uphill battle, when apparent stasis hides ongoing change, or when institutions survive hypothesized mechanisms of change. This paper closes by discussing some ways in which punishment scholars can strengthen the path dependence framework by blending it with recent theoretical developments in the punishment studies field.

Dialectics of Association and Dissociation: Spaces of Valuation, Trade, and Retail in the Gemstone and Jewelry Sector (2021) 🗎🗎

This article aims to substantiate how processes of valuation translate between different registers of value. We develop an analytical framework of how valuation is intertwined with geographic origination and the geographies of association and dissociation, which establish how commodities and consumer products are either associated with, or dissociated from, matters that are beneficial or damaging for sales and brand reputation. The article focuses on the rather unexplored gemstone and jewelry sector, and shows how the analysis of value is not reducible to Marxist notions of exchange and use value but needs to take into account symbolic and sign value, and embrace dis/association dialectics. It develops a novel conceptual framework that draws upon the early work of Baudrillard on symbolic value, together with Marxian value theory, and mobilizes it for the analysis of association-dissociation dialectics and practices in global value chains. We are particularly concerned with the role of origination and provenance to highlight the intrinsically geographic dimensions of gemstones that are enacted by traders and retailers in the valuation process. The article shows how valuation and consumption of gemstone and jewelry play out through complex and multiscalar, relational associative and dissociative practices, which intertwine with revealed sustainability problems in the diamond industry. It also shows how a current rise in the value and popularity of colored stones interrelate with a corporate refocusing away from mined diamonds, and entails even more in-transparent supply networks.

From aspirational luxury to hypermobility to staying on the ground: changing discourses of holiday air travel in Sweden (2021) 🗎🗎

Research has demonstrated an unwillingness among travelers to reduce their holiday flying. Recently, however, a movement with people avoiding and problematizing flying has emerged in Sweden and spread internationally. This paper explores how the rising problematization of flying changes the meanings of holiday air travel in a carbon-constrained world. Using travel magazines and digital media sources, we trace changing discourses (overarching ideas and traditions shaping social practices) of holiday air travel in Sweden from 1950-2019. The paper identifies the emergence of a new discourse (Staying on the ground) and shows how it works through moralization (flying is ethically wrong) and persuasion (emphasizing alternatives) to challenge dominant meanings of holiday air travel as desirable and necessary. While Staying on the ground is far from a dominant discourse, there are signs that it has begun to destabilize contemporary cultures of aeromobility. The Staying on the ground discourse exemplifies how meanings attached to ingrained high-carbon practices, and the policies that sustain them, are currently being contested and rearticulated. Acknowledging that low-carbon transformations are fundamentally forms of social and cultural change, the paper illustrates why practices of carbon lock-in are so entrenched, but also how they might be resisted and open up for change.

Loosen control without losing control: Formalization and decentralization withincommons-basedpeer production (2021) 🗎🗎

This study considers commons-based peer production (CBPP) by examining the organizational processes of the free/libre open-source software community, Drupal. It does so by exploring the sociotechnical systems that have emerged around both Drupal's development and its face-to-face communitarian events. There has been criticism of the simplistic nature of previous research into free software; this study addresses this by linking studies of CBPP with a qualitative study of Drupal's organizational processes. It focuses on the evolution of organizational structures, identifying the intertwined dynamics of formalization and decentralization, resulting in coexisting sociotechnical systems that vary in their degrees of organicity.

Looking professional: How women decide what to wear with and through automated technologies (2021) 🗎🗎

From innovations such as virtual fit through 3D body scanning, smart clothes, wearable technology and virtual styling assistants to more mundane capabilities such as digital photography and social media, deciding what to wear and how to wear an item is now accompanied by a range of new information and perspectives. This article examines the sociotechnical systems that support everyday decisions about what to wear, and how this decision-making process is being re-imagined in response to technology. Drawing upon closet ethnographies with women in the USA and Australia, we focus upon the ways in which women make decisions about what will help them to 'look professional'. Specifically, we attend to two key dimensions of the decision-making process - visions and validations - to understand the ways in which women weigh the opinion of other people, media and technologies, and the real and imagined role of how new technologies such as the Amazon Echo Look may be integrated into this process. Through fine-grained analysis of the ways that women receive, reject or ignore information about their performance of looking professional, we reflect upon the relative importance of different technologies in the process of decision-making.

Recreational fishing and citizenship: a sensory ethnography of fishermen with Asian ancestry, Sydney, Australia (2021) 🗎🗎

This paper draws on a sensory ethnography conducted with migrant recreational fishermen of Asian ancestry in a context of heightened scientific concerns about over-fishing. We offer the concept of recreational fishing assemblage to consider the affective and emotional dimensions of recreational fishing experiences. Our conceptual framework builds on feminist scholarship that appreciates human-non-human entanglements in the constitutions of subjectivities, specifically environmental policies, ideas, fishing equipment and affect. Our rhizoanalysis offers insights to how racialized and gendered bodies intersect with environmental citizenship to territorialize some recreational fishing spots for white bodies. In this spirit, we offer an interpretation of the contradictory ways that citizenship is lived through the experiences of recreational fishing.

The Moral Relationality of Professionalism Discourses: The Case of Corporate Social Responsibility Practitioners in South Korea (2021) 🗎🗎

Building a coherent discourse on professionalism is a challenge for corporate social responsibility (CSR) practitioners, as there is not yet an established knowledge basis for CSR, and CSR is a contested notion that covers a wide variety of issues and moral foundations. Relying on insights from the literature on micro-CSR, new professionalism, and Boltanski and Thevenot's (1991/2006) economies of worth framework, we examine the discourses of 56 CSR practitioners in South Korea on their claimed professionalism. Our analysis delineates four distinct discourses of CSR professionalism-strategic corporate giving, social innovation, risk management, and sustainability transition-that are derived from a plurality of more or less compatible moral foundations whose partial overlaps and tensions we document in a systematic manner. Our results portray these practitioners as compromise makers who selectively combine morally distant justifications to build their own specific professionalism discourse, with the aim to advance CSR within and across organizations. By uncovering the moral relationality connecting these discourses, our findings show that moral pluralism is a double-edged sword that can not only bolster the justification of CSR professionalism but also threaten collective professionalism at the field level. Overall, our study suggests paying more attention to the moral relationality and tensions that underlie professional fields.

From Predator to Parasite: On Private Property and Our Ecological Disaster (2021) 🗎🗎

The institution of private property forms the basis for ecological disaster. The profit-seeking of the vested interests, in conjunction with their modes of valuing nature through the apparatuses of neoclassical economics and neoliberalism proceed to degrade and destroy life on Earth. I assert that the radical, or original institutional economics (OIE) of Thorstein Veblen, further advanced by William Dugger, have crucial insights to offer the interdisciplinary fields of political ecology and ecological economics which seek to address the underlying causes and emergent complications of the unfolding, interconnected, social, and ecological crises that define our age. This inquiry will attempt to address what appears to be either overlooked or under-explored in these research communities. Namely, that the usurpation of society's surplus production, or, the accumulation of capital, is a parasite that sustains itself not only through the exploitation of human labor, but by exploiting society and nature more broadly, resulting in the deterioration of life itself. I shall argue that the transformation of the obvious predator that pursues power through pecuniary gain into a parasite, undetected by its host, is realized in its most rapacious form in the global hegemonic system of neoliberal capitalism.

Paradoxes of Rationalisation: Openness and Control in Critical Theory and Luhmann's Systems Theory (2021) 🗎🗎

For the Critical Theory tradition of the Frankfurt School, rationalisation is a central concept that refers to the socio-cultural closure of capitalist modernity due to the proliferation of technical, 'instrumental' rationality at the expense of some form of political reason. This picture of rationalisation, however, hinges on a separation of technology and politics that is both empirically and philosophically problematic. This article aims to re-conceptualise the rationalisation thesis through a survey of research from science and technology studies and the conceptual framework of Niklas Luhmann's systems theory. It argues that rationalisation indeed exhibits a logic of closure, namely the 'operational closure' of sociotechnical systems of measurement, but that this closure in fact produces the historical logics of technical reason and, paradoxically, also generates spaces of critical-political openness. This opens up the theoretical and practical opportunity of connecting the politically just to the technically efficient.

The Psychology of Leadership Destabilization: An Analysis of the 2016 US Presidential Debates (2021) 🗎🗎

When contesting for political office, leaders do not only seek to build their own following but also to engage in attacks to destabilize opponent leaders. However, research has yet to explore and explain the nature of attacks that seek to destabilize a leader's influence. Building on the identity leadership model which sees leadership as flowing from a leader's capacity to promote a sense of shared identity with followers, we argue that a leader can be destabilized if followers come to see the leader as defiling, devaluing, dividing, and destroying this shared sense of "us." To explore these ideas, we analyzed the attack rhetoric used by Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump during the 2016 U.S. presidential debates to examine how they sought to subvert each other's leadership. Our analysis supports the proposed model and sheds light on the hitherto underexplored topic of leadership destabilization. Moreover, by helping us understand the ways in which principles of identity leadership can be weaponized to destabilize leadership, the analysis defines an important agenda for future research.

Reflection on the Human Living Environment in Connection with Sustainable Development (2021) 🗎🗎

The author reflects on the possibility of implementing the idea of sustainable development in the environment of human life in various areas and between them. He begins by answering the question what is the human living environment, presents the typology of the areas that make up this environment and indicates the role of human in destroying it. Then, he analyzes selected pairs of areas of the human living environment that are opposite to each other (genuine - artificial, external - internal, natural - social, real - virtual, as well as local - global) because of the possibility of maintaining a balance within them and between them. The balance is a prerequisite for effective implementation of the idea of sustainable development. Finally, he made several conclusions resulting from his reflection.

Sociology's encounter with the decolonial: The problematique of indigenous vs that of coloniality, extraversion and colonial modernity(1) (2021) 🗎🗎

How did the process of decolonization reframe the social sciences? This article maps the interventions made by theorists of and from the ex-colonial countries in reconceptualizing sociology both as practice and as an episteme. It argues that there are geographically varied and intellectually diverse decolonial approaches being formulated using sociological theory to critique the universals propounded by the traditions of western sociology/social sciences; that these diverse knowledges are connected through colonial and global circuits and that these create knowledge geographies; that collectively these diverse intellectual positions argue that sociology/social sciences are constituted in and within the politics of 'difference' organized within colonial, nationalist and global geopolitics; that this 'difference' is being reproduced in everyday knowledge practices and is being structured through the political economy of knowledge; and that the destabilization of this power structure and democratization of this knowledge is possible only when there is a fulsome interrogation of this political economy, and its everyday practices of knowledge production within universities and research institutes. It argues that this critique needs to be buffered by the constitution of alternate networks of circulation of this knowledge.

"[This] system was not made for [you]:" A case for decolonial Scientia (2021) 🗎🗎

Background Sylvia Wynter's "recoded" form of science called decolonial Scientia (DS) is grounded in an understanding of humans as simultaneously biological and cultural. DS includes narrative interventions that destabilize Western scientific authority, and address limitations that empirical data collection and analysis place on capturing simultaneous realities. Therefore, Wynter's narrative "languaging" is both scientific critique and grounded in a tradition of Black radical imagining. Aims In this article, I use languaging to destabilize the canonical narrative tied to W. M. Cobb's production of the article "Race and Runners." The standard telling focuses on Cobb's examination of Owens' lower extremities to expose the fallacy of racial differences in athletic ability. Destabilization of the narrative allows for identifying relational complexities between actors involved in the canonical story - and identifying ideologies embedded within it that guide our deconstructions of biological race. My alter(ed)native subjectivity informs my use of languaging to argue that the relationship between narrative and research practices belie Western scientific/unscientific binaries. Materials and methods Audiovisual and documentary sources of the public-facing "Race and Runners" story were subject to comparative analysis to verify the content and order of events in the canonical narrative. Letters focused on race and athletic ability obtained from the W. Montague Cobb Manuscript Collection at Howard University serve as "apocryphal" sources of information. Correspondence between Cobb and a representative member of the public named Howard Duncan took place within a period immediately before, during and after Cobb publishes "Race and Runners" in the Journal of Health and Physical Education. Contents were subject to a systematic analysis that involved reviewing documents to identify statements reflecting scientific practices, human interactions and relationships between race and athletic ability reflected in the canonical narrative. Contents were also examined for statements relevant to the narrative that departed from or added to the canonical story in the same three areas. Details regarding departures and additions were recorded along with the specific part of the narrative to which they corresponded. Narrative departures and additions were articulated with the canonical narrative in the interest of destabilizing it to identify "knots of ideas, histories and narratives that, contrary to Western science, can only be legible in relation to one another" (McKittrick, 2015b p. 2). Results Letters exchanged between Cobb and Duncan reveal dynamics that are obscured in the canonical storyline. For instance, Duncan's ability as a white male to assert himself as Cobb's peer demonstrates how racialized power is enacted through science. This is also reflected in Owens' position in the narrative as a voiceless object of knowledge. Letters also present Cobb's identity beyond being a "pioneer," rendering how he is studying and experiencing racism. This includes how he refuses to engage Duncan as a peer. Discussion More than mere stories, narratives are motivating and instructive forces that shape how we study human biology and use our research to oppose biological notions of race. Correspondence between Cobb and Duncan reveals how Western scientific ideologies that reinforce prescribed roles and boundaries are embedded in narratives. These ideologies can limit the transformative potential of our approaches to contesting biological notions of race.

Ignorance as a productive response to epistemic perturbations (2021) 🗎🗎

This paper argues that ignorance, rather than being a result or representation of false beliefs or misinformation, is a compensatory epistemic adaptation of complex rhetoric systems. A rhetoric system is here defined as a set of interconnected rhetorical elements (beliefs, arguments, commonplaces [loci communes], meanings, and texts) that cohere into a self-organized system that is thoroughly "about" its contexts-meaning that its own boundaries and relations are both constrained and enabled by the contexts in which it exists. Ignorance, as described here, is epistemic management that preserves the boundaries and relations of a rhetoric system, and is a way of dealing with information that runs counter to one's beliefs. Ignorance is also productive, in that it produces new knowledge that works to make rhetoric systems more resistant to potential destabilization. To elaborate these points, the paper examines discourse about the phenomenon of global climate change, which illustrates how individuals productively counter information as a way of preserving beliefs. As the paper argues, ignorance is neither a cognitive nor epistemological failure, but rather is a result of the dynamic and continuous process of enforcing epistemic and rhetorical boundaries.

The gathering anthropocene crisis (2021) 🗎🗎

Global society's actions have created a planetary state whose dynamics are new to human experience-the Anthropocene. One consequence is that alarming climatic, ecological, and public health trends are unfolding with little evidence of abating. This essay argues that the convergence of these trends could lead to a comprehensive crisis where multiple risks materialize in reinforcing ways-the crisis of the Anthropocene. This crisis is likely to occur near the high population point of the demographic transition in progress. Ensuring that the demographic transition is also a transition to sustainability will require conceptualization and planning that internalizes the synergism of threats to society and nature.

Work Identity Pause and Reactivation: A Study of Cross-Domain Identity Transitions of Trailing Wives in Dubai (2021) 🗎🗎

This study takes a cross-domain identity transition perspective to explore the development of work-related identities by trailing wives in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. Biographical-narrative interviews with 28 expatriate wives were conducted and analysed using thematic analysis. The findings indicated that these women approached their cross-domain identity transition sequentially through a process of work identity pause and reactivation. Gendered family demands and contextual constraints led them to temporarily pause their work identity while adjusting to non-work domain changes. The reactivation of the work identity domain prompted them to redevelop a work identity aligned to their new reality. Four manifestations of identity redevelopment status emerged: hobbyists, adaptors, explorers and re-inventors. For some women, their emerging work identity was just a way to escape the 'expat wife' stigma, for others it was an opportunity to develop a new career. This article introduces the concepts of identity pause and reactivation.

Disclosing and discussing the role of spirituality in the transition theory of Afaf Meleis (2021) 🗎🗎

Spirituality is as an individual, dynamic, and a complex concept. Meleis's theory includes spirituality in many aspects, and looking at this dimension within this specific theory may help in understanding spirituality as a critical dimension in transitions, as processes, but also as a dimension of self-transition as individual development and growing. Therefore, spirituality is an inherent and integral element of the several foundations of this theory, especially in nursing therapeutics, patterns of responses and transition conditions (facilitators and inhibitors).

Known Unknowns in an Era of Technological and Viral Disruptions-Implications for Theory, Policy, and Practice (2021) 🗎🗎

Technology is composed of the words "Techne" and "Logos" that refer to the artistic/creative and the logical/scientific aspects of its dualism. And so inherent this Promethean concept lie the concepts of the Schumpeterian creative destruction and also the promise and potential for humanity's better tomorrows. We live in an era of artificial intelligence-driven as well as viral disruptions that challenge the mind as well as the body. At the same time, the impact of our pursuit of prosperity at any cost on the environment triggers displaced people floods and viral pandemics undermining the standard of living and more importantly the foundations of trust in institutions and in a better tomorrow feeding populist movements and autocratic trends in democracies as well as emboldening dictators. This work discusses the concepts of Risk Management 5.0, Industry 4.0, Industry 5.0, Society 5.0, Digital Transformation, Blockchain, and the role of AI via the Internet of Things architectures that could enable "smarter as well as more humane solutions to our challenges."

Biosociality in Online Interactions: Youths' Positioning of the Highly Sensitive Person Category (2021) 🗎🗎

This article examines how young people in a Swedish online forum and in blogs engage in discussions of one popularized psychological personality trait, the highly sensitive person (HSP), and how they draw on different positionings in discursive struggles around this category. The material is analysed with concepts from discursive psychology and post-structuralist theory in order to investigate youths' interactions. The first is a nuanced positioning, from which youths disclose the weaknesses and strengths of being highly sensitive. Some youths become deeply invested in this kind of positioning, hence forming a HSP subjectivity. This can be opposed using contrasting positionings, which objects to norms of biosociality connected to the HSP. Lastly, there are rather distanced and investigative approaches to the HSP category. We conclude that while young people are negotiating the HSP category, they are establishing an epistemological community.

Reading datasets: Strategies for interpreting the politics of data signification (2021) 🗎🗎

All datasets emerge from and are enmeshed in power-laden semiotic systems. While emerging data ethics curriculum is supporting data science students in identifying data biases and their consequences, critical attention to the cultural histories and vested interests animating data semantics is needed to elucidate the assumptions and political commitments on which data rest, along with the externalities they produce. In this article, I introduce three modes of reading that can be engaged when studying datasets-a denotative reading (extrapolating the literal meaning of values in a dataset), a connotative reading (tracing the socio-political provenance of data semantics), and a deconstructive reading (seeking what gets Othered through data semantics and structure). I then outline how I have taught students to engage these methods when analyzing three datasets in Data and Society-a course designed to cultivate student competency in politically aware data analysis and interpretation. I show how combined, the reading strategies prompt students to grapple with the double binds of perceiving contemporary problems through systems of representation that are always situated, incomplete, and inflected with diverse politics. While I introduce these methods in the context of teaching, I argue that the methods are integral to any data practice in the conclusion.

Global capitalism guided by desire- Solvang, CA, as a "real" place (2021) 🗎🗎

How to deal with the transformation of place in the face of global capitalism is marked by many active debates. This paper dives into the transformation of the city of Solvang in California, from an agricultural village to a tourist destination. One way to analyse the process is to treat it as commodification, where values produced in places are being turned into exchangeable commodities. What results from such critical studies of capitalism too often result in apathy rather than positive action, it tends to deal less with 'the real world' than thought experiments about possible worlds. Another approach connects to the relational turn and the application of assemblage theory in studies of the dialectic process between economy and society. Critics question the ability of also assemblage theory to point us towards what should be done. We end up seeing assemblages everywhere, but then what? This paper makes the case for an alternative positive critical geography, inspired by Deleuze and Guattari (1972, 1987) and their conceptualization of desire as an active and positive force. Policies should depart from already existing subjectivities that have an interest in their social mileu and have a desire to make it even better. This is the appropriate ground for political engagement, the place to start if we want to contribute to a different future. An analytical scheme for a positive critical geography is presented and "tested out" in a case study of Solvang, where a "real" place continuously emerge.

Synthesizers: an exploration into the iconicity of marketplace icons (2021) 🗎🗎

As the preeminent musical invention of the twentieth century, the synthesizer has become a ubiquitous device that not only informs the soundscapes of our lives, but one that also shapes what we consider to be music. At the heart of this unquestioned, though often polarizing, marketplace icon is a paradox between the synthesizer's limitless power of sound design that appeals to musicians and the limiting power of culture that circumscribes the instrument's potential in order to make it appealing to mass consumers. To understand how the synthesizer became a marketplace icon, we examine it in relation to the synthetic nature of icons (i.e. the dialectical tension at the heart of icons), the web of iconicity (i.e. the cultural associations necessary to elevate a product to iconic status), and the process of cultural appropriation of disruptive innovations (i.e. the necessity to tame, but seemingly promote, the iconoclastic nature of marketplace icons).

Renewing the future: Excluded imaginaries in the global energy transition (2021) 🗎🗎

Sociotechnical imaginaries (STIs) are widely used in the ERSS literature, but their origins in the field of science and technology studies (STS), and the implications of their migration into ERSS, are not well theorized or thoroughly appreciated. We take as our starting point that the STI concept is an offshoot of co-production, the simultaneous production of natural and social order. We resituate STIs in relation to that origin story within coproductionist STS to enhance its analytic power in relation to energy research. We parse STIs along three dimensions of co-productionist analysis: integration, symmetry, and reflexivity. We then contrast the analytic purchase offered by STIs, grounded in co-production, with another popular STS approach, actor-network theory (ANT), by looking at two exemplary cases of the energy transition in the global South. Through these case studies, centering on the introduction of solar power in Senegal and India, we argue that a better theorized invocation of STIs, as mechanisms of co-production, can detect aspects of sociotechnical transitions that remain obscure unless they are illuminated through the meaning-making dimension of STIs. We use STIs to show that in global transitions to sustainability the discourse of renewable energy has privileged the transition's material and technological dimensions over its cultural and sociopolitical ones. In particular, the STI lens brings to light alternative visions of sustainable lives based on ideas and practices of renewal that long predated the arrival of solar power, and are at risk of dying in the new political economy of renewables.

Dialectics of Technical Emancipation-Considerations on a Reflexive, Sustainable Technology Development (2021) 🗎🗎

The modern idea of emancipation is linked to the goal of overcoming dependencies and domination. However, as argued in the article, negative dialectics of emancipation must also be problematized. The project of emancipation, as it was formulated in the Age of Enlightenment, was often particular and was associated with the establishment of new forms of domination. Especially the project of liberation from the constraints of nature through technical development led to the domination of nature. In view of the ecological crisis, the dark side of this project is becoming apparent today. The ecological base of human development is at risk. It is therefore necessary to pursue the idea of a reflexive emancipation, which also takes nature into account in order to enable a sustainable technology development. Emancipatory Technology Studies should therefore support an emancipatory technology policy which promotes a positive dialectical movement that overcomes the contrast between submission to nature and technical mastery of nature.

Animal culture: But of which kind? (2021) 🗎🗎

Is animal culture a real entity or is it rather just in the eye of the beholder? The concept of culture began to be increasingly used in the context of animal behaviour research around the 1960s. Despite its success, it is not clear that it represents what philosophers have traditionally thought to be a natural kind. In this article I will show, however, how conceiving of animal culture in this fashion has played a role in the "culture wars", and what lessons we can draw from this. First, an analysis of the epistemological landscape of author keywords related to the concept of animal cultures is presented, thus vindicating the centrality of the concept in describing a broad range of findings. A minimal definition that encompasses the multiple strands of research incorporating the notion of culture is proposed. I then systematically enumerate the ways in which culture thus conceived cannot be considered a natural kind in the study of animal behaviour. This is accomplished by reviewing the efforts and possibilities of anchoring the elusive idea in specific mechanisms, homologies, selection pressures, homeostatic property clusters, or alternatively, its reduction or elimination. Finally, a plausible interpretation of the scientific status of the animal culture concept is suggested that is compatible with both its well established use in animal behaviour research and its inferential limitations. Culture plays the role of a well-established epistemic kind, a node that connects different areas of research on common themes.

Wardrobe stories: Sustainability and the everyday aesthetics of fashion consumption (2021) 🗎🗎

Transitioning fashion towards sustainability will require changes in practices including the design, production, promotion, sale and consumption of clothing. Using data gathered through a qualitative method termed 'wardrobe examinations', this article examines fashion consumption through the lens of social practice theory in order to better understand how the practice of fashion consumption can become more sustainable. Through analysis of the wardrobe examinations an everyday aesthetic of dressing comes to light that includes negotiations between practicalities, emotional experiences, and the process of self-fashioning. I argue that the practice of fashion consumption is already layered and treacherous well before sustainability issues are considered, and the sustainable fashion movement - including activists, designers and retailers - must recognize and address this complexity if it hopes to fruitfully engage consumers to support a sustainable transition. I also highlight existing sustainable elements of fashion consumption that can be reinforced to aid the transition towards sustainability in the fashion sector.

Uniqueness in the life sciences: how did the elephant get its trunk? (2021) 🗎🗎

Researchers in the life sciences often make uniqueness attributions; about branching events generating new species, the developmental processes generating novel traits and the distinctive cultural selection pressures faced by hominins. Yet since uniqueness implies non-recurrence, such attributions come freighted with epistemic consequences. Drawing on the work of Aviezer Tucker, we show that a common reaction to uniqueness attributions is pessimism: both about the strength of candidate explanations as well as the ability to even generate such explanations. Looking at two case studies-elephant trunks and human teaching-we develop a more optimistic account. As we argue, uniqueness attributions are revisable claims about the availability of several different kinds of comparators. Yet even as researchers investigate the availability of such comparators, they are able to mobilize complex sets of empirical and theoretical tools. Rather than hindering scientific investigation, then, we argue that uniqueness attributions often spur the generation of a range of epistemic goods.

"Coal [from Colombia] is our life". Bourdieu, the miners (after they are miners) and resistance in As Pontes (2021) 🗎🗎

We address the question why social identities associated with resource extraction can survive the extraction itself, a question which is highly relevant for devising strategies for economic diversification and community reinvention in many communities. The case of As Pontes, in Galicia, Spain, where a rural community transformed into a powerhouse of coal mining and electricity production, is highly instructive, as it reveals the importance of state planning and a central actor which structured social, political and economic life, and created identities which could not easily be dislodged. We deploy notions from Pierre Bourdieu's sociology of practice to analyze the persistence of identities and associated hopes for an impossible return to the past, giving central place to the idea of symbolic violence, i.e. the internalization of categories, identities and relations initially promoted by a coalition of actors benefiting from this order of the social field.